Chickpea plants were subjected to salt stress for 48 h with 100 mM NaCl, after 50 days of growth. Other batches of plants were simultaneously treated with 0.2 mM sodium nitroprusside (NO donor) or 0.5 mM putrescine (polyamine) to examine their antioxidant effects. Sodium chloride stress adversely affected the relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation in leaves. Sodium nitroprusside and putrescine could completely ameliorate the toxic effects of salt stress on electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation and partially on RWC. No significant decline in chlorophyll content under salt stress as well as with other treatments was observed. Sodium chloride stress activated the antioxidant defense system by increasing the activities of peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). However no significant effect was observed on glutathione reductase (GR) and dehydro ascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities. Both putrescine and NO had a positive effect on antioxidant enzymes under salt stress. Putrescine was more effective in scavenging superoxide radical as it increased the SOD activity under salt stress whereas nitric oxide was effective in hydrolyzing H 2 O 2 by increasing the activities of CAT, POX and APX under salt stress.

Accumulation of salts in irrigated soils is one of the primary factors limiting yield in South Asia. We investigated whether exogenous nitric oxide (NO) supplementation as sodium nitroprusside has any ameliorating effect against NaCl induced oxidative damage in chickpea leaves. NaCl treatment (250 mM) alone and in combination with two concentrations of SNP (0.2 and 1 mM) were given to 50 days old chickpea plants for 2, 4 and 6 days. Salt stress adversely affected the relative membrane injury, lipid peroxidation levels, relative water content (RWC) and H 2 O 2 content. The effect was time dependent. SNP treatments could ameliorate the toxic effect of short term salt stress of 2 days on relative membrane injury and partial amelioration was observed with 4 and 6 day stress treatment. A partial ameliorative effect of SNP was observed with lipid peroxidation levels, H 2 O 2 content and RWC. Salt stress activated the antioxidant system by increasing the activities of SOD, POX, APX and DHAR. However no obvious change was observed in GR activity and CAT activity decreased under salt stress. Both the SNP treatments had a positive effect on antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, APX, GR and DHAR under salt stress. NaCl treatment resulted in a decline in the GSH/GSSG and ASC/DHA ratio. SNP treatments increased the reduced form of both the metabolites thus elevating the ratio of GSH/GSSG and ASC/DHA. This study concludes that exogenous application of NO protects chickpea leaves from NaCl induced oxidative stress.

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The present study investigates the effect of long and short term Cd stress in chickpea plants and evaluates the protective effect of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) supplementation using sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Cadmium treatments were given before sowing (long term stress) and thirty days after germination (short term stress). Sodium nitroprusside was given as foliar spray 30 days after germination to both long and short term Cd treated plants. Cadmium adversely affected the membranes as was evident from increased electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation levels. Sodium nitroprusside treatments decreased ion leakage and lipid peroxidation levels significantly. Short term Cd stress resulted in a higher induction of the catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase as compared to long term Cd stress. Nitric oxide showed its positive effect by further increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Cadmium stress also altered the level of antioxidant metabolites by reducing the ascorbate redox ratio (ASC/DHA) and glutathione redox ratio (GSH/GSSG). Sodium nitroprusside treatments increased the redox ratios. Cadmium also adversely affected the seed yield and a greater decline was observed with long term Cd stress as compared to short term Cd stress. Nitric oxide had a positive effect on seed yield and Cd accumulation. The study concludes that an exogenous supply of NO protects chickpea plants from Cd toxicity.

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