Abstract. Yaemkong S, Tuan NN. 2019. Diversity of phenotypic characteristics of White Tailed-Yellow Chicken populations reared under free-range system in Phitsanulok Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 20: 1264-1273.  The objective of this study was to evaluate phenotypic diversity of White tail-yellow chickens in Mueang District, Phitsanulok, Thailand. A total of 200 male chickens from the purposive samples were collected, and then analyzed by using descriptive statistics, correlation and least squares mean for subclasses of each factor. The results showed that the phenotypic of White tail-yellow Chickens had the highest white-yellow beak (60.29%), hin comb (65.50%), golden-yellow neck plumage (95.69%), back plumage (96.17%) and wing plumage (67.94%), white-black long curving tails (70.11%), black back tails (71.14%) and white-yellow shank (59.81%) for qualitative traits. The quantitative traits such as body weight, body height, body length, body width, wing length, shank length, and toes length were 2.78±0.58 kg, 61.95±3.77 cm, 24.93±1.66 cm, 16.62±1.91 cm, 41.85±2.52 cm, 12.72±0.77 cm, and 8.39±0.66 cm, respectively. The highest positive correlation was recorded between neck plumage and back plumage (r=0.70; p<0.01). Moreover, body weight was the highest correlation with wing length (0.58; p<0.01) whereas body length was the highest positive correlation with wing plumage (0.21; p<0.01). However, beak and comb had no significant effect on all traits (p>0.05) except for neck, back and wing plumage, long curving tail, back tail and shank color (p<0.05).

Abstract. Incharoen T, Nakhen W, Yaemkong S. 2022. Qualitative and quantitative phenotype of Kai Tor-Kai Tang (Gallus gallus) in the lower-northern region of Thailand. Biodiversitas 23: 5387-5395. The Kai Tor-Kai Tang (KT) chicken is a crossbreed between an indigenous domestic village breed and a local wild red junglefowl. Colorful plumage, a crowing voice, and a large single comb are specific characteristics of the phenotype. Due to their populations, there is a clear need to improve the qualitative and quantitative understanding of these chickens. A study of their phenotype variation may be an advantageous approach in the conservation and preservation of the breed, as well as social and commercial utilizations in rural communities. This study aimed to characterize the phenotypes of KT populations reared in the lower-northern region of Thailand, which includes Phetchabun, Phitsanulok, Phichit, Sukhothai, Uthai Thani, and Uttaradit provinces. A total of 100 KT chickens from 35 local farms were characterized under field conditions for 12 qualitative and 2 quantitative traits. Frequencies and means were calculated for phenotypical characteristics. Correlation coefficients and affecting factors factor were evaluated between qualitative traits among them. The results indicated that the most prominent colors of the earlobe, the colors around the eyes, beak, and shank were red (38%), orange (54%), brown (64%), and grey (56%), respectively. The main color of the neck and back plumage was brown-yellow (49% and 31%, respectively), the both long curving tail and back tail was black-green (96%), and the wing plumage color was red (79%) while 49.26%, 99% and 73% of the chickens had Jak Kod Hna comb, normal spur type, and Plod plods scale type, respectively. The overall mean body weight and age of the chickens were 1.07 ± 0.2 kg and 11.99 ± 7.4 months. The highest correlation (r: 1; p<0.01) was observed between the colors of the long curving tail and the back tail. The whole region had a significant effect on long-curving tail and back tail color (p<0.05), and all farm sizes had a significant effect on earlobe color (p<0.05).

The purpose of this study was to find out how adding molasses to fermented sugarcane bagasse (FSB) alone or in combination with urea affected sheep’s rumen fermentation, hematological parameters, and ability to digest nutrients. Four Thai native sheep with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.87 ± 1.95 kg and 11 ± 1.0 months old were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 periods of 14-d adaptation and 7 d of sample collection. Each treatment received a different combination of experimental roughage as follows: FSB without additives (T1), FSB + 10% molasses (T2), FSB + 20% molasses (T3), and FSB + 10% molasses + 3% urea (T4). The concentrate diet was fed twice daily at 2% BW, while roughage sources were provided ad libitum for each treatment. The crude protein (CP) digestibility in the T2 and T3 groups was higher (p < 0.05) than in the FSB group without additions, with the T4 group having the highest (p < 0.05). Although there were no significant differences in blood glucose, packed cell volume, ruminal pH, ammonia–nitrogen (NH3-N), propionic acid, or acetic acid, the plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) at 0 h was highest in the T4 group (p < 0.05) compared with the other groups. However, the proportion of butyric acid tended to be higher in all FSB groups with additives. Thus, the current experiment concluded that the addition of molasses alone or in combination with urea had positive effects on pH and LAB population, and including both together in FSB improved the CP digestibility of sheep. In conclusion, FSB with 10% molasses and 3% urea might be used as an alternate roughage source for ruminants without affecting the animal’s ruminal fermentation or hematological parameters.

Abstract. Yaemkong S, Jaipong P, Kotham P, Ngoc TN. 2019. Phenotypic and morphometric characteristics of Bangkaew dog in Phitsanulok Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 20: 2877-2882. A research study was conducted to analyze phenotypic and morphometric characteristics of Bangkaew dogs in Mueang, Phromphirum, and Bangrakam districts, Phitsanulok Province, Thailand. In total, 54 Bangkaew dogs were randomly sampled by purposive sampling from 20 farmers between November 2018 and March 2019. The data consisted of nine phenotypic characteristics that were recorded visually and five morphometric characteristics that were obtained by using descriptive statistics and analysis of ANOVA to compare difference among means and correlation coefficients. Majority of the standard identities of Bangkaew dogs were according to the breed such as the guard coat around the face (100.00%), the guard coat around the neck or the chest coat (100.00%), the coat of belly (100.00%), the guard coat behind ears (100.00%), the lion’s leg shape (100.00%), the long coat from hip to the upper thigh (100.00%), and the plume tail (100.00%), except for the guard coat from the ruff around the shoulder (98.15%). Moreover, the coat of hair of Bangkaew dogs in this study was white-brown color (55.31%), followed by white-gray color (23.92%), white-black color (10.78%), brown color (6.44%), gray color (2.11%), and black color (1.44%), respectively. Least square means of males morphometric characteristics was significantly (p<0.05) greater than female body weight (21.44 ± 3.33 kg vs. 19.04 ± 3.01 kg), body height (49.52 ± 4.09 cm vs. 46.21 ± 5.30 cm) and leg length (38.64 ± 8.88 cm vs. 34.31 ± 5.75 cm), except for body width (19.48 ± 5.82 cm vs. 17.76 ± 4.24 cm; p>0.05), and for body length of females (55.76 ± 9.37 cm vs. 55.00 ± 7.18 cm; p>0.05) was superior to males of Bangkaew dogs. The correlations among morphometric characteristics such as body width vs. leg length, body length vs. body height, body weight vs. body height, body weight vs. body length, and body height vs. leg length, were 0.64, 0.56, 0.52, 0.34, and 0.33, respectively. These results implied that in order to conserve standard identities and improve morphometric characteristics, their typical characteristics such as structure, coat of hair and body size required by raisers should be considered in the breeding selection and mating system.

Abstract. Incharoen T, Nakhen W, Yaemkong S. 2022. Qualitative and quantitative phenotype of Kai Tor-Kai Tang (Gallus gallus) in the lower-northern region of Thailand. Biodiversitas 23: 5387-5395. The Kai Tor-Kai Tang (KT) chicken is a crossbreed between an indigenous domestic village breed and a local wild red junglefowl. Colorful plumage, a crowing voice, and a large single comb are specific characteristics of the phenotype. Due to their populations, there is a clear need to improve the qualitative and quantitative understanding of these chickens. A study of their phenotype variation may be an advantageous approach in the conservation and preservation of the breed, as well as social and commercial utilizations in rural communities. This study aimed to characterize the phenotypes of KT populations reared in the lower-northern region of Thailand, which includes Phetchabun, Phitsanulok, Phichit, Sukhothai, Uthai Thani, and Uttaradit provinces. A total of 100 KT chickens from 35 local farms were characterized under field conditions for 12 qualitative and 2 quantitative traits. Frequencies and means were calculated for phenotypical characteristics. Correlation coefficients and affecting factors factor were evaluated between qualitative traits among them. The results indicated that the most prominent colors of the earlobe, the colors around the eyes, beak, and shank were red (38%), orange (54%), brown (64%), and grey (56%), respectively. The main color of the neck and back plumage was brown-yellow (49% and 31%, respectively), the both long curving tail and back tail was black-green (96%), and the wing plumage color was red (79%) while 49.26%, 99% and 73% of the chickens had Jak Kod Hna comb, normal spur type, and Plod plods scale type, respectively. The overall mean body weight and age of the chickens were 1.07 ± 0.2 kg and 11.99 ± 7.4 months. The highest correlation (r: 1; p<0.01) was observed between the colors of the long curving tail and the back tail. The whole region had a significant effect on long-curving tail and back tail color (p<0.05), and all farm sizes had a significant effect on earlobe color (p<0.05).