Background and aims. Thalassemia is a condition that affects hemoglobin synthesis and is one of the most common hereditary illnesses in the world. Patients with thalassemia major require several blood transfusions. Multiple blood transfusions cause thyroid dysfunction, which leads to iron excess. Methods. From August 2019 to January 2020, serum samples were obtained from 90 persons, 30 of whom were healthy, and 60 (46 male and 44 female) with β-thalassemia major, aged 5-20 years, who visited the thalassemia care center at Salah Aldeen General Hospital in Tikrit city. Results. Patients had a significant increase (P≤0.01) in T4 and TSH hormones when compared to controls, whereas T3 was also significantly higher (P≤0.05) than in controls. Compared to controls, the level of ferritin had  a very significant increase (P≤0.01) in all the study patients with beta-thalassemia, male and female. Conclusions. Thyroid disorders are common in β-thalassemia patients who have been transfused multiple times.

Breast cancer (BC) is a malignant neoplasm characterized by abnormal cell growth of breast tissue in an uncontrolled pattern and their ability to infiltrate and invade normal tissue locally. Irisin plays an important role in the occurrence, development, and metastasis of different tumors. The aim of this study to evaluate the changes of serum levels of irisin in postmenopausal breast cancer women and compared with control group. Serum samples were collected from 90 women were 30 of these women were control and 60 women were breast cancer patients attending to cancer center in Kirkuk city- Iraq from  November 2021 to April 2022 .  Postmenopausal breast cancer women ages were above 46 years, who were proved to be suffering from breast cancer whether a unilateral or bilateral breast affected who agree to participate in this study. Irisin levels for postmenopausal breast cancer women were (77.11±25.91) ng/ml and control (17.35±5.05) ng/ml respectively with a highly significant increase (P≤0.01) when compare with healthy control. These results suggest that irisin can be used in the early diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and prognosis of breast cancer.irisin