An outbreak of the coronavirus disease caused by a novel pathogen created havoc and continues to affect the entire world. As the pandemic progressed, the scientific community was faced by the limitations of existing diagnostic methods. In this review, we have compared the existing diagnostic techniques such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), antigen and antibody detection, computed tomography scan, etc. and techniques in the research phase like microarray, artificial intelligence, and detection using novel materials; on the prospect of sample preparation, detection procedure (qualitative/quantitative), detection time, screening efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ability to detect different variants. A detailed comparison of different techniques showed that RT-PCR is still the most widely used and accepted coronavirus detection method despite certain limitations (single gene targeting- in context to mutations). New methods with similar efficiency that could overcome the limitations of RT-PCR may increase the speed, simplicity, and affordability of diagnosis. In addition to existing devices, we have also discussed diagnostic devices in the research phase showing high potential for clinical use. Our approach would be of enormous benefit in selecting a diagnostic device under a given scenario, which would ultimately help in controlling the current pandemic caused by the coronavirus, which is still far from over with new variants emerging.

Area around Ramganj Mandi in Kota district has a distinct place in citrus crop production at national and international levels. The inquiry led to the identification of the insect pests that attack citrus orchards in the Kota region. The most destructive major insect pests of a citrus crop were identified. The most widespread and significant contributor to the production of citrus crops in the citrus orchards of Ramganj Mandi is the mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), along with other citrus crops. Identification and study of these pests were carried out with the help of experts and various reference materials. Observation and collection of insect-pest specimens were done by the sweeping method for further study with a collection of infested plant parts at the citrus orchards of Kota. In the context of the present study, it can be concluded that necessary efforts should be made and implemented to conserve the biodiversity of citrus orchards..

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