A BSTRACT The aim of this research was to determine the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidation, antiaging, and antibacterial activities of Carissa carandas Linn., and aims at the novel plant sources which is utilized for their cosmeceutical applications. The two conditions (fresh and dried) and three stages (unripe, ripe, and fully ripe) of C. carandas were extracted by ethanolic maceration. Folin–Ciocalteu assay was used for determining the TPC. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays were used for estimating antioxidant activity. The inhibitory tyrosinase activities were measured using the modified dopachrome assay. Antiaging was evaluated by inhibition of collagenase and elastase, and antibacterial activities. The result of six extracts from C. carandas showed that the highest phenolic content and elastase inhibition of the fresh fruit in fully ripe stage were 100.31 ± 2.64 mg GAE/g extract and 14.11% ± 0.95%, respectively. The fresh fruit in the unripe stage showed that the strongest percentage of DPPH IC 50 and collagenase inhibitory activity were 29.11 ± 0.23 μg/mL and 85.94% ± 2.21%, respectively. The ethanolic extract of unripe dried fruit exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the of ABTS assay, with an IC 50 of 0.17 ± 0.01 μg/mL. The MBC displayed the dried fruit ripe stage anti Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis , and Staphylococcus aureus strains were 25.0, 25.0, and 16.25 mg/mL, respectively. The fresh fruit in the ripe stage showed that the strongest inhibition tyrosinase was 93.88% ± 5.64%. The conclusion of this research indicates that the fresh fruit of C. carandas fruit extracts has high potential as a novel cosmeceuticals’ applications to antiaging and skin whitening. The dried fruit in ripe stage extract has the most effective ingredient for antiacne products.

Cissampelos pareira Linn. (C. pareira) has been used as a medicinal herb for treating fever and analgesic by Indian and Thai people. This experimental research investigates the scavenging ability of C. pareira pectin from leaves of variable concentrations on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) free radicals, its anti-inflammatory property on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells, and the cell viability. The experimental results show that the DPPH and NO scavenging performances of C. pareira pectin are positively correlated to the pectin concentrations, with corresponding half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50)of 0.54 and 0.52 mg/ml. Meanwhile, the NO production in the LPS-stimulated macrophage cells is inversely correlated to the pectin concentrations. The cell viability in the LPS-stimulated macrophage cells is positively correlated to the C. pareira pectin concentrations, given the non-cytotoxicity of the extract compound. In essence, the inhibition of free radicals and the suppression of activated macrophages point to the usefulness of C. pareira pectin in functional dietary products and herb-based pharmaceuticals.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of the Heliotropium indicum extract (HIE) on factor promoting wound healing in radical scavengingand inflammatory activity and growth factor promotion.Methods: The radical scavenging capacity of HIE was evaluated by scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radicals.Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory of HIE was determined in a cellular model. RAW264.7 macrophage cells were treated with various concentrationsof HIE before activating the treated cell with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The nitrite concentration of activated macrophage was determined by the Griessreagent kit. The cell viability of RAW264.7 was evaluated by resazurin reduction assay as well as NIH3T3 fibroblast cells. In addition, production of thegrowth factors (transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β] and basic fibroblast growth factor [bFGF]) of fibroblast was determined by Elisa kit.Results: HIE exhibited radical scavenging activity in the DPPH and NO radicals with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 0.22 mg/ml and0.52 mg/ml, respectively. In a cellular study, HIE inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophage without cytotoxic effect to the cells with IC50at 87 μg/ml. Furthermore, HIE promoted fibroblast cell viability at 72 h of treatment and, TGF-β and bFGF production at 24 h of treatment.Conclusion: These results obtained in this study suggested that HIE promoted the factors which involved in wound healing processes, including antiinflammatoryeffect with scavenged radical forming and inhibited activated-macrophage. Furthermore, HIE also stimulated growth factor productionin fibroblast. These finding supported using traditional and folk medicine of H. indicum in wound treatment.

This study aims to investigate the effects of anise oil, lemongrass oil and cassia oil on nitric oxide production from nitric oxide donor and stimulated macrophage cells. Furthermore, this study also evaluates the cytotoxic effect of essential oils on cell viability of macrophage and human colorectal cancer cells. The results showed that anise oil and lemongrass oil presented higher nitric oxide scavenging capacity by reduction of nitrite formation from NO donor with IC 50 of 406.90 and 413.50 µg/ml. In vitro study, cassia oil presented lower NO scavenging capacity. For cellular study, lemongrass oil and cassia oil at concentration of 6.25-25 µg/ml and all concentration of anise oil (6.25-100 µg/ml) presented NO inhibitory activity with no cytotoxic effect of the macrophages. For the cancer cell study, lemongrass oil and cassia oil reduced cell viability of human colorectal cancer cells after 48 h of treatment with IC 50 of 77.91 and 32.72 µg/ml, and IC 50 was better in 72 h of treatment with 67.96 and 21.94 µg/ml. Nevertheless, anise oil displayed insignificant effect on HT-29 cell viability. Anethole, citral and cinnamaldehyde were identified as main composition of anise oil, lemongrass oil and cassia oil using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results from this study suggested the different effects of essential oils on nitric oxide inhibition of in vitro and cellular study as well as the cytotoxic effect to macrophage and colorectal cancer cell. These results are beneficial for further study of anise oil, cassia oil and lemongrass oil in pharmaceuticals and natural therapies.

Objective: Hibiscus acetosella (HA) or Chaba Maple is native plant and cultivated in tropical western in Africa and north of America. The characteristicsof HA are red to purple in stem, leaf, and flower that are the pigment of antioxidant compound as anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are in the groupof flavonoid and have the role as functional foods which have several health benefits such as obesity and diabetes control, cardiovascular diseaseprevention, and others. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of HA leaves extracts.Materials and Methods: HA (Chaba Maple) leaves were collected in Pathum Thani province, Thailand, and were dried and extracted by macerationtechnique with three solvents – water, ethanol, and methanol. The antioxidant properties of extracts were carried out using 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The extracts wereexamined for their scavenging effect on hydroxyl radical (•OH) using hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and nitric oxide (NO) radical (•NO) using NOradical scavenging assay.Results: For ABTS, FRAP, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, ethanol extract showed the highest antioxidant property which the percentageinhibitions were 69.04%, 2381.84 μM/mg extract, and 62.88 mg/ml, respectively. For NO scavenging activity, methanol extract showed highest abilityto scavenge NO which percentage inhibition was 101.28±0.73 mg/ml.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that ethanolic, methanolic, and water extract of HA leaves had scavenge and reducing antioxidantproperties.