A bstract Gliclazide is a second-generation hypoglycemic sulfonylurea, which is useful in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. It has low bioavailability because of its limited water solubility and slow dissolution rate. In this study, solid dispersions of gliclazide were prepared by solvent method. Drug and carriers weight ratio were 1:9; 2:8; 3:7; 4:6; and 5:5. The weight ratio of carriers (polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30 and polyethylene glycol 6000) was 1:1. The properties of solid dispersions were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and solubility and dissolution studies. SEM result showed that gliclazide was highly dispersed and was present as amorphous state in the solid dispersions. The FTIR spectroscopy showed no chemical interaction between gliclazide and carriers. DSC studies indicated melting point of gliclazide was decreased. The XRD studies indicated that crystallinity degree of gliclazide was decreased. Rate of dissolution and solubility of solid dispersions was increased than pure gliclazide ( F < 0.05).

Red palm oil (RPO) is derived from the FFB of palm oil. Carotene in red palm oil or red palm oil cannot be obtained by ordinary processes. Various attempts were made to obtain carotene compounds by various methods of separation (extraction). Therefore, this study attempted to study the effect of the time and rotational speed of the rotary evaporator on the yield of carotenoid concentrates formed in the saponification process so that it would produce optimum carotenoid concentrates seen from the content of carotene and DOBI produced. The sample used was crude palm oil (CPO) which was processed in stages, namely transesterification, solvates micellization (SM), and saponification. The treatment was carried out in the saponification process, namely stirring time for 1.5 hours and 2 hours with each rotating speed of 1800 rpm, 2000 rpm, and 2200 rpm. In each process, carotenoids and DOBI values will increase. In the saponification process, the best treatment that produces high carotene and optimum DOBI is the stirring process at a speed of 1800 rpm for 1.5 hours. The time of stirring in the saponification process has a real effect on the value of carotene and the DOBI index.