Non-compliance among leprosy patients has always been a problem in Nepal. Many researches on drugcompliance has indicated that if a patient understands well about his /her disease and its treatment, he /sheis more likely to be motivated to take the whole prescribed course of treatment properly. It is widely believedthat the understanding and behavior of patients in relation to drug compliance are largely influenced bytheir socio-economic condition and level of knowledge.In order to determine the socio-economic characteristics of non-compliant leprosy patients and their level ofknowledge of leprosy disease and treatment, a non-intervention study was carried-out in Dhanusha - a highprevalent district in Nepal bordering India. A total of 57 non-compliant leprosy cases were selected usingsystematic sampling method on the basis of available clinical records and an interview-schedule was used fordata collection. The result shows that the majority of non-compliant cases were illiterate, laborers byoccupation and from poor economic class family background (73.7%).Data revealed that majority did not understand the cause of the disease and were not aware of the durationof treatment. It was interesting to note that an overwhelming majority (94.7%) were having strong beliefthat the disappearance of sign/symptoms was the only meaning of the “cure of leprosy disease”. In view ofthis, it is strongly recommended that the patient education and counseling, public/community awarenessprogram should be improved and further strengthened. A socio-economic rehabilitation program withvocational/trade training to leprosy patients or their family members should be arranged to up-lift theirsocio-economic status.Key Words: Leprosy, Patient Knowledge, Compliance.