A printed leaf shaped compact (40 mm × 30 mm × 0.8 mm) UWB antenna added with dual frequency selective surfaces (FSS) of dimension 44 mm × 44 mm × 1.6 mm is proposed. The FSS layers having 4 × 4 array in each can provide maximum gain of 8.7 dBi and gain enhancement by 2–4.5 dBi in the antenna bandwidth of 3–14.64 GHz. The proposed design also ensures maximum radiation in the broadside direction with average radiation efficiency of 85%. The antenna bandwidth and group delay responses were measured in close proximity of soil test bed for varying test bed thicknesses. Relative bandwidth of more than 114% with non‐varying group delay response ensure the ability of proposed antenna to work for ground coupling ground penetrating radar applications.
A compact (38.31 mm × 34.52 mm × 0.8 mm) leaf shaped CPW fed ultra‐wideband antenna is proposed. The antenna gives wide impedance bandwidth from 2.58 GHz to 11.62 GHz with sharp triple notch bands (3.28 GHz–3.82 GHz, 5.12 GHz–5.4 GHz, and 5.7 GHz–6 GHz) to eliminate interference from co‐existing IEEE 802.16 WiMAX (3.3 GHz–3.8 GHz), IEEE 802.11y (3.65 GHz–3.69 GHz), IEEE 802.11a WLAN (5.15 GHz–5.35 GHz and 5.725 GHz–5.825 GHz), and IEEE 802.11p DSRC (5.85 GHz–5.925 GHz) bands. The antenna provides minimal gain variation (2–5 dBi), flat group delay response and non‐varying transfer function with high average efficiency of 88% in the pass band. Significant drop in gain and efficiency, nonlinearity in transfer function, and high variation in group delay are observed at notch bands. Antenna VSWR, and efficiency are measured in close proximity of sand, wood, and glass. Satisfactory results ensure its ability to work as Ground penetrating radar antenna.
A compact (35 3 30 3 0.8 mm 3 ) umbrella shaped ultra wideband antenna that gives wide impedance bandwidth of more than 123% with low dispersion, 3-5 dBi gain and average efficiency of 84% is proposed. The antenna is tested in close proximity of soil. Satisfactory results ensure its ability to work as GPR antenna. K E Y W O R D Sground coupling, ground penetrating radar, ultra wide-band antenna, umbrella shape | I NT RODU CTI ONGround penetrating radar is widely used to scan the sub surface of interest by transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves using UWB antenna. 1 Different types of UWB antenna like horn and Vivaldi, 2-6 valentine, 7 bow-tie, 8,9 rugby ball, 10 frequency independent, 11 and slot antenna 12,13 were proposed earlier for GPR applications. Horn, Vivaldi and Valentine antenna can provide satisfactory GPR performances but heavy weight and bulky structures limited their uses in GPR. Frequency independent like spiral antenna can provide wide bandwidth but it also introduce significant ringing effect. Bowtie, rugby ball antenna can be very compact in size and able to give good GPR performance but it require capacitive and inductive loading to broaden impedance bandwidth and minimize ringing effect, respectively. The loading increases antenna efficiency loss significantly. Also low gain profile is another drawback of such antenna. Slot type GPR antenna also has larger dimensions. Recently Ming Li et al. proposed a high gain, low dispersive slot 146 | KUNDU AND JANA antenna having dimension of 106 3 68 mm 2 and limited impedance bandwidth of 1.4-3.5 GHz. 13 Wide bandwidth is required to get better plan resolution of GPR. Plan or lateral resolution indicates the scanning ability to differentiate between any two buried objects of same depth. The relation between antenna bandwidth (B) and plan resolution length (Dr) is given by the expression, B ! V/4Dr where V indicates speed of electromagnetic wave in subsurface material.In this article, a compact, coplanar waveguide fed, umbrella shaped monopole antenna is proposed. The antenna gives a wide impedance bandwidth from 3.1 to 13.1 GHz covering the unlicensed 3.1-10.6 GHz UWB band as allotted by FCC in 2002. 14 Fundamental antenna parameters like VSWR, pattern, efficiency, gain, transfer function (S 21 ) and group delay were simulated and measured. Good agreement is observed in the results. The antenna is also tested in ground coupling mode to ensure its ability as GPR antenna. | A NTEN NA DE S I GNGeometry of the proposed antenna is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1A shows the construction of radiating patch by taking the intersection of two ellipses of radius (1.7R, R) and (1.5R, 2R), respectively. The maximum patch length is 2R and width is 3R. The maximum patch dimension (D), that is, maximum patch width is taken as k L /4 where k L 5 c/f L . Here, c indicates speed of light and f L represents lower cutoff frequency that is 3.1 GHz. Figure 1B,C represents the design flow. Design A and B indicate microstrip fed and coplanar fed antenna structure...
A simple structured single layered frequency selective surface (FSS) that has unit cell size of 11 × 11 mm2, substrate thickness of 0.8 mm only and capable to work in a very widespread band from 0.001 to more than 17 GHz is proposed in this article. The FSS is competent to augment the gain of a UWB monopole antenna by 2 to 3.5 dBi when integrated at the back of antenna. The performances of “antenna‐FSS” structure is evaluated by simulation and experimental measurement where good correlations are obtained. The integrated structure provides wide impedance band (S11 < −10 dB) from 2.82 to 19.94 GHz (more than 150%) with improved broadside radiation and high radiation efficiency profile. The transient and frequency domain characteristics of “antenna‐FSS” composite structure are also evaluated in close proximity of diverse sub‐surfaces such as dry sand, wet sand, wood and concrete where an almost unaltered impedance band profile, linear transfer function response and non‐varying group delay responses are achieved which establishes the applicability of the composite structure in ground penetrating radar for low depth sub‐surface scanning applications.
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