The energy produced by solar photovoltaic (SPV) modules is directly connected with the solar accessible irradiance, spectral content, different variables like environmental and climatic components. Dust and bird droppings are considered as the real challenges for SPV performance. This article covers dust-related challenges and advanced improvements made on the automated cleaning system, by providing a brief framework on strategies such as mechanical, electrical, chemical and electrostatic. The environmental impact of cleaning processes has also been evaluated, which is directly related to the ultimate performance of overall conversion.

In this article the steady-state performance of a multi-plunger low-flow high-pressure hydraulic pump has been studied. The variation of the chamber volume with shaft rotation, along with the various flow and torque losses, demands a structured approach to arrive at its mathematical model. A bondgraph simulation technique has been used to model the system, where various losses are lumped in suitable resistive elements. Using the standard procedure, experiments have been conducted for a wide range of operating conditions. The trends of the various loss coefficients are identified. The performance of the pump has been experimentally verified.

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