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PurposeMammography is the most commonly used diagnostic test for breast lesion detection and evaluation, but in dense breast parenchyma it lowers its sensitivity to detect small lesions. Sensitivity and specificity improves with combined use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in differentiating benign and malignant breast lesions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectivity of combined dynamic CE-MRI and DWI in differentiating benign and malignant lesions, and to calculate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of malignant and benign lesions of the breast.Material and methodsFifty-seven patients with 68 lesions were included in the study. MRI of breast using different sequences was acquired on 1.5 Tesla Machine with dedicated breast coils. Dynamic CE-MRI along with DWI was acquired for each patient. Histopathological reports were accepted as the standard of reference.ResultsOut of 68 lesions, 37 were malignant on biopsy (54.4%) and 31 were benign (45.5%). The sensitivity of CE-MRI was 92%, specificity 84.21%, positive predictive values (PPV) 88.46 %, and negative predictive values (NPP) 88.89%. The sensitivity of DWI-MRI was 91.6%, specificity was 90.6%, PPV 91.6%, and NPP 90.6%. The sensitivity of combined DWI-MRI and CE-MRI was 95.0%, specificity was 96.43%, PPV 97.44%, and NPP 93.10%. Mean ADCs of benign lesions (b = 800) was 1.905 ± 0.59 × 10–3 mm (2)/s, which was significantly higher than those of malignant lesions (b = 800) 1.014 ± 0.47 × 10–3 mm (2)/s.ConclusionMulti-parametric MRI is an excellent non-invasive modality with high sensitivity and specificity to differentiate malignant from benign breast lesions.

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Tuberculosis is a common infectious disease with a high prevalence in developing countries and presents a major public health issue. Internal jugular vein (IJV) thrombosis is a rare complication in tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy. We report a case of 26-year male patient with a history of low-grade evening rise in fever, dry cough, loss of appetite, and loss of weight with swelling in lower neck on right side. Ultrasonography (USG) neck showed well-defined hypoechoic lymph nodes posterior to right IJV and common carotid artery in the lower neck at level IV and in the right supraclavicular region showing central necrotic areas with adjoining IJV thrombosis. The association between tuberculosis and deep vein thrombosis is rare. Awareness of IJV thrombosis in isolated cervical lymphadenopathy needs high diagnostic suspicion and prompt treatment to avoid fatal complication. Our case is rare as there was isolated tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy with adjoining IJV thrombosis. Both USG and computed tomography (CT) are accurate and reliable radiological investigations for detecting IJV thrombosis along with cervical lymph nodes. They are useful in assessing surrounding soft tissue and fat planes and knowing the size and extent of cervical lymphadenopathy. USG is inexpensive and readily available for monitoring response to treatment.