Introduction:Adult onset seizure disorder is a major public health concern in terms of burden of disease, nature of illness, and its impact on individual, family, and community. This study was done to assess the clinical profile and etiology of adult onset seizures and correlates of clinical and radiological pattern.Materials and Methods:This was a prospective cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted on 100 cases presenting with adult onset seizures.Results:Adult onset seizures were most prevalent in the young and middle-aged adults than elderly; generalized seizures were more common than focal seizures. However, the incidence of generalized seizures showed a falling trend as the age advanced whereas focal seizures increased in incidence with advancing age. Overall, the most common etiology of seizures was stroke, followed by idiopathic and central nervous system infections; yet, most common etiology of adult onset generalized and focal seizures was idiopathic and stroke, respectively. Regarding etiology, among younger adults, idiopathic seizures were predominant, whereas among middle aged and elderly, stroke was the most common etiology.Conclusions:It is mandatory to deal carefully with each case of adult onset seizure with a tailor-made approach. Identification and awareness about the etiological factors and seizure type help in better management of these patients. Primary care physicians play a pivotal role in identifying patients with adult onset seizures and should encourage these patients to undergo neuroimaging so as to arrive at an appropriate etiological diagnosis. In the face of recent advances in neuroimaging techniques, the future prospective management of adult onset seizures appears bright and convincing.

Three experiments assessed the development of children's part and configural (partrelational) processing in object recognition during adolescence. In total 312 school children aged 7-16 and 80 adults were tested in 3-AFC tasks to judge the correct appearance of upright and inverted presented familiar animals, artifacts, and newly learned multi-part objects, which had been manipulated either in terms of individual parts or part relations. Manipulation of part relations was constrained to either metric (animals, artifacts, and multi-part objects) or categorical (multi-part objects only) changes. For animals and artifacts, even the youngest children were close to adult levels for the correct recognition of an individual part change. By contrast, it was not until 11-12 years that they achieved similar levels of performance with regard to altered metric part relations.For the newly-learned multi-part objects, performance was equivalent throughout the tested age range for upright presented stimuli in case of categorical part-specific and partrelational changes. In case of metric manipulations, the results confirmed the data pattern observed for animals and artifacts. Together the results provide converging evidence, with studies of face recognition, for a surprisingly late consolidation of configural-metric relative to part-based object recognition.

Background: Effective health education consequently improves knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) leading to better glycemic control and is widely accepted as an integral part of comprehensive diabetes care for affected individuals and their families in primary care settings. Aims: To assess the impact of health education on knowledge, attitude, practices, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Settings and Design: This case control study was conducted in the department of Medicine of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: The study was conducted on 100 diabetic subjects aged more than 40 years comprising of 50 cases and 50 controls. Cases were given education on their disease, drugs, dietary, and lifestyle modifications along with patient education leaflet at baseline and at first follow-up, while controls received neither of these. Subjects were assessed for KAP by administering KAP questionnaire and for glycemic control by measuring glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) at baseline and at the end of the study. Results: In this study, end mean knowledge, attitude, practice, and KAP SUM scores of cases (10.28 ± 1.78, 3.46 ± 0.93, 3.14 ± 0.86, and 16.82 ± 3.40, respectively) showed significant increase from the baseline (3.86 ± 0.93, 1.00 ± 0.83, 0.40 ± 0.64, and 5.26 ± 2.10, respectively) compared to controls, accompanied by significant reduction in HbA1C of cases at the end of the study compared to the controls. Conclusions: Effective health education improves knowledge, attitude, and practices, particularly with regard to lifestyle modifications and dietary management, culminating into better glycemic control that can slow down the progression of diabetes and prevent downstream complications.

Selective hydrogenolysis of lignin-derived aryl ethers under mild temperature and pressure is an important milestone to be achieved to fulfill the future fuel demands from abundantly available biomass resources. Selective...

Background:Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is common in neonates, preschool children, pregnant women, elderly, diabetics, catheterized patients, and patients with abnormal urinary tracts or renal diseases. Though there is currently no consensus on treatment of ASB in various population groups, it is advisable to treat the same in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM).Aims:To determine the prevalence of ASB in patients with type 2 DM and to study the spectrum of uro-pathogens causing ASB along with their antibiotic susceptibility profile.Settings and Design:This prospective, observational study was conducted in the department of Medicine of a tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods:The study was conducted on 100 patients with type 2 DM. Urine wet mount and gram stain examination was done for all to detect the presence of pus cells and bacteria in urine. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed in patients with significant bacteriuria to determine the sensitivity profile of isolated uro-pathogens. The data were analyzed to determine the association between diabetes and ASB.Results:ASB was common among diabetics, as evident by a prevalence of 21%. Presence of ASB showed positive correlation with poor glycemic control. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the most common organism causing ASB followed by Candida, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter. E. coli isolated from study patients was most sensitive to imipenem and nitrofurantoin (NFT).Conclusions:ASB is common among diabetics, with poor glycemic control being a significant risk factor. E. coli is the most common organism causing ASB in diabetics, and it is most sensitive to imipenem and NFT.