Background: The Type 2 diabetes mellitus is becoming more and more prevalent in our country India and it is estimated that approximately around 2% of the Indian population i.e around 15 million peoples are suffering from this disease and Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is routinely used as a diagnostic tool for screening and measuring long term control in diabetic patient. Aim: The study was planned to observe the relationship among Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Fasting blood sugar and Lipid profile in Type 2 diabetics of western U.P population. Material and Methods: Data of around 92 males and 112 females, from the age group of 25 to 55 years were selected from December 2014 to July 2016 in a cross sectional manner. Blood sample (3ml) was collected from each subject. Serum was separating by centrifuging blood at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Fasting blood sugar and Lipid profile were estimated by Vitros 250 auto analyzer using readymade dry chemistry kits from Ortho Clinical diagnostics, Johnson & Johnson, USA and HbA1c with kit based method. Result: Mean value of HbA1c in control subjects was 4.62± 0.18 and 5.78± 0.19 in diabetic subjects, HbA1c values were significantly higher in Diabetic subjects (<0.001) as compared to control subjects. The mean value of FBS in Diabetic subjects was 115.72± 3.83 and 92.33± 3.61 in control subjects. Also, FBS mean value was found to be significantly lower in control group (<0.001) as compared to Diabetic subjects. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that, altered Lipid profile has been associated with elevated levels of Fasting blood glucose. Thus, the adverse effect of hyperglycemia and associated dyslipidemia must not be overlooked in Diabetic subjects.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to define its predictors in urban and rural patients presenting to tertiary care hospitals located in Greater Noida district Gautam Budh Nagar, India.Methods: A total of 367 participants recruited in the study, aged 20–55 years, comprising, 290 patients (149 rural and 141 urban) and 77 healthy age, sex-matched controls from the study area. Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory examination information was obtained. MetS was defined as per the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP, ATP III) report.Results: There were significant differences in biochemical and anthropometric measurements between control and patient population (p<0.05). There was a substantial difference in the prevalence of MetS among male and female patient population of urban as well as rural areas. As per NCEP, ATP III criteria, the prevalence of MetS in urban patient population was 21.7% in male and 27.8% in female whereas rural male and female exhibited 13.8% and 18.8% of MetS, respectively. Waist circumference was found as the strongest predictor of MetS among the patient population.Conclusion: Rapid urbanization of the cities is affecting the village life and indicating toward a major burden of diseases associated with MetS. A higher prevalence of MetS in female irrespective of the area of residence needs major health-care policy change. There is an urgent need to address this issue by adopting healthy eating, physical exercise, and weight reduction.

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Prospective study conducted among 263 patients for evaluation of Drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) to know predisposing factors for DIH diagnosed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis patients under anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) as per Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) on short term regimen at Chatrapati Shivaji Subharti Hospital attached Subharti Medical College, Meerut, Patients attending, Respiratory Medicine Out Patient department (OPD) and referred patients from Urban Health Training Centre and Rural Health Training Centre with pretreatment liver function test (LFT) were assessed. Patients and methods: Before initiation of first line ATT (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, and Streptomycin), LFT and other relevant investigations were carried out. Overnight fasting blood samples were collected for LFT on 2 nd , 4 th and 8 th week during treatment for assessment of disease status. A total of 263 patients, 174 male and 89 female with mean age of 41 years were assessed. Results: A total of 35 patients (13.30%) developed DIH. The Body mass index (BMI) and albumin was found significantly low compared to control (P<0.01). The chest radiograph recorded clear cavitory lesions. Results highlight that the age group 41-50 years is at high risk of DIH (31.43%), furthermore it is more prevalent among male (68.57%) than female (31.43%) counterpart. Conclusion: Old age male, baseline hypoalbuminemia, low BMI, malnutrition and extensive disease states are independent risk factors observed in present study.

Background: Cholelithiasis is a common clinical problem in surgical practice all over the world. Liver function tests (LFT’s) are routinely performed in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for symptomatic gall stones. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of routine LFTs in patients with symptomatic gall stones attending Shridev Suman Subharti Medical College attached with Dr. K.K. Bhatnagar Memorial Subharti Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Material and Methods: The present prospective observational study was conducted from December 2016 to November 2017 in the Dept. of Surgery in collaboration with Dept. of Biochemistry at Shridev Suman Subharti Medical College attached with Dr. K.K. Bhatnagar Memorial Subharti Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. All patients clinically diagnosed with symptomatic cholelithiasis were included in the study. Patients with past and present history of jaundice, pancreatitis, cholangitis and abnormal calibre common bile duct on ultrasonography (more than 8mm) were excluded from the study. Data regarding relevant history, clinical examination findings, LFT’s and ultrasound examination findings were analyzed and noted in pre-designed proforma. Results: Study composed of 120 patients comprising 100(83.33%) female and 20(16.67%) male with the mean age of 45±25 years. Out of 120 patients, 85(70.83%) presented as chronic calculous cholecystitis, 29(24.17%) as biliary colic and 6(5.00%) with acute calculous cholecystitis. The LFT’s were within normal range in 107(89.16%) patient, which labeled as group A. In group A, 80(74.76%) patients were presented as chronic calculous cholecystitis, 24 (22.42%) as biliary colic and 3(2.8%) as acute calculous cholecystitis. The levels of LFT’s were found abnormal in 13 patients (8.33%) which is labeled as group B. In group B, clinical presentation of  2 (40.00%) patients were as chronic calculous cholecystitis, 8(30.00%) patients as biliary colic & 3(30.00%) patients as acute calculous cholecystitis. Parameters of LFTs, Bilirubin were elevated in 2, AST in 3 and ALP in 8 patients. All patients from either group had normal Common Bile Duct (CBD) caliber on preoperative ultrasound examination and per operatively (in open surgery), no CBD dilatation or palpable calculi. Conclusion: Routine LFT’s in preoperative assessment of symptomatic cholelithiasis usually reveals normal findings and is not recommended as a good predictive marker for the detection of silent CBD calculi. Keywords: Cholelithiasis, Choledocholithiasis, Common bile duct (CBD), LFT, Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic