Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected > 60 million people since its discovery and 30 million people have died since the pandemic began. Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV infection from an acute to a chronic disease, increasing life expectancy but also adding to the potential side effects associated with drug therapy and the comorbidity accompanying longevity. Exercise can play a valuable role in the management of HIV/AIDS patients by addressing various symptoms and improving their quality of life, but the optimum mode, intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise that take the different clinical stages of the disease into consideration are inadequately known. Searches of Medline, Embase, Science Citation Index, CINAHL database, HealthSTAR, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), and SPORTDiscus were conducted between 2000 and January 2014. Searches of published and unpublished abstracts were conducted, as well as a hand search of reference lists and tables of contents of relevant journals and books. Identified studies were reviewed for methodological quality. A total of 33 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies failed to indicate the optimum type (mode), intensity, frequency, and duration of aerobic and progressive resistive exercise prescribed to HIV-infected individuals in relation to the different clinical stages of the disease. The purpose of this review is to provide evidence-based recommendations after revision of exercise guidelines for HIV patients, by highlighting practical guidelines that clinical exercise therapists should consider when prescribing exercise for patients in different stages of the disease.

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The study provides a 2 .5 year record of Rhenosterkop Dam (KwaNdebele, South Africa) plankton population dynamics and production in relation to physical and chemical changes which occurred during the trophic depression and stabilization phases of the reservoir . The mean volume of the reservoir was 4 % of full storage capacity . Water temperatures ranged from 14 ° C to 27 'C . Due to inorganic suspensoids, the euphotic zone averaged 2 .6 m . An anaerobic zone developed each summer . The nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and silica concentrations did not display a seasonal pattern, but the latter two nutrients declined over the study . The dominant phytoplankton group was the cryptophytes while the zooplankton population was dominated by crustaceans . Chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 1 .1 to 27 mg m-3 and were positively correlated to silica and SRP concentrations and inversely with NH 4-N concentrations . Primary production ranged from 22 .6 to 375 mgC m -2 h-' ; changes in A,,, a, were positively correlated to silica and SRP concentrations . Total zooplankton dry weight biomass varied from < 0 .5 to > 4 mg I -' . Annual zooplankton (secondary) production was 8 to -15 gC m -3 a -'; both primary and secondary production were greatest in the first 12 months of study and remained at low levels for the remainder, similar to the trends for silica and SRP . The data indicate that the reservoir shifted from eutrophic to mesotrophic during the study, typical of events in new reservoirs, and that changes in the plankton populations were largely the result of changing nutrient concentrations .Introduction 1990). Groundwater resources are limited and the surface waters are relied upon for urban, indusThe majority of water resources in southern Aftrial and agricultural purposes . Irrigation is the rica are riverine and south of the Zambezi River major use of surface waters in this region, adding there are very few natural lakes (Allanson et al., to the load placed on limited surface resources