Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and biocrusts (BC), occur inside and outside Mimosa luisana resource islands (M. luisana-RI) at the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Puebla-Oaxaca, Mexico. Objectives: To determine: 1) Whether there are AMF within biocrusts, 2) The abundance and richness of AMF, and 3) The potential of AMF propagation in BC and soil below BC inside (BC-RI, soil-BC-RI) and outside (BC-ORI, soil-BC-ORI) M. luisana-RI, and open areas (OA), in the rainy (September 2011) and dry (May 2012) seasons. Methods: AMF were extracted of biocrusts and soil samples collected inside and outside M. luisana-RI and OA, in both seasons. Spore abundance and species richness, as well as potential propagation of AMF were determined in laboratory and greenhouse. Results and Conclusions: Biocrusts inside and outside M. luisana-RI form reservoirs of AMF spores and species richness (12 spp.), and act as “shields” protecting AMF compared with OA (5 spp.). Seasonal changes in the AMF composition within the biocrusts and the soil suggest that the availability of water drives AMF assemblages. The AM fungal spores in BC-RI and BC-ORI have a high potential of propagation; however, the BC-ORI by buffering the loss of AMF in soil-BC-ORI, they form mycorrhizal inocula within the soil.
It has been considered that Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa and M. luisana have the potential to restore temperate and semi-arid environments, respectively. Mature seeds were collected from eight mother plants per taxon to determine the effects of scarifi cation and temperature on seed germination of both taxa, and to defi ne the optimum temperature for germination. To obtain a representative sample of each taxon, seeds with the same weight and size were mixed. Five replicates of 20 seeds each (100 seeds per taxon/temperature, plus the control) were established. The seeds were mechanically scarifi ed and incubated under controlled conditions: 5 to 45 °C with 5 °C intervals, and a 12h light/12h darkness photoperiod. Results showed that scarifi cation and temperature were signifi cant factors in seed germination. In both taxa, germination was epigeal and phanerocotylar. The highest seed germination percentages were obtained when seeds were scarifi ed. 88 % of seeds of M. aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa germinated at 25 °C. Hundred percent of seeds of M. luisana germinated at 30 °C. The optimum temperature for germination of seeds of both taxa was established at 25 °C. Mimosa taxa differ in the germination rate: M. luisana germinated at 6.6 seeds/day and M. aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa at 3.4 seeds/day. Overall results suggest that, for both taxa, an increase or decrease in temperature will not inhibit seed germination, supporting the recommendation to use these plants for reforestation, as part of environmental restoration projects in temperate and semi-arid Mexican regions. Key words: arid tropical scrub, conservation, restoration, temperate forest.Resumen: Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa y M. luisana son taxa con potencial para la restauración ambiental. Se evaluaron los efectos de la escarifi cación y la temperatura en la germinación de semillas de ambos taxa y se defi nió la temperatura óptima de germinación, se colectaron semillas maduras de ocho individuos por especie. Las semillas (igual peso y tamaño) se mezclaron para obtener una muestra compuesta por taxon. Se establecieron cinco repeticiones de 20 semillas por taxon (100 semillas por taxon, por temperatura, más el control). Las semillas fueron escarifi cadas mecánicamente, realizando un corte en el extremo opuesto al eje del embrión e incubadas en un gradiente de 5 a 45 ºC, con intervalos de 5 °C y un fotoperíodo de 12h luz/12h oscuridad. Los resultados indican que la escarifi cación y la temperatura son factores signifi cativos para la germinación de las semillas. En ambos taxa, la germinación fue epígea y fanerocotilar. Los mayores porcentajes de germinación se obtuvieron cuando las semillas fueron escarifi cadas. Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. aculeaticarpa logró el 88 % de germinación a 25 °C; mientras que M. luisana alcanzó 100 % a 30 °C; sin embargo, para ambos taxa la temperatura óptima de germinación fue de 25 °C. La tasa de germinación difi ere, en M. luisana se registraron 6.6 semillas/día; mientras que en M. aculeati...
Las plantas están expuestas a factores ambientales cuya variación puede provocar cambios anatómicos para adaptar a la planta a las condiciones externas. En las plantas leñosas, las características de los elementos de vaso se modifi can, dependiendo del grado de humedad del suelo y de factores como el clima, la altitud y la latitud (Wodzicki, 2001 Resumen: Mimosa es el género con mayor número de especies de Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) en México; se establecen desde el nivel del mar hasta 2,850 m de altitud. Se estimó la tolerancia de cinco especies de Mimosa al estrés hídrico, comparando algunas características anatómicas de los elementos de vaso del xilema secundario y se estimaron los índices de mesomorfía y de vulnerabilidad de la madera. Se elaboraron cortes transversales y preparaciones de material disociado de tres individuos por especie. Los índices de mesomorfía y de vulnerabilidad se estimaron considerando el diámetro de los vasos, el número de vasos/mm 2 y la longitud de los elementos de vaso. Las cinco especies presentan vasos numerosos (17 -32), elementos de vaso cortos (150 -221 μm) y de diámetro pequeño (58 -75 μm), excepto M. tenuifl ora que presenta vasos de diámetro mediano (104 μm). El índice de mesomorfía de la madera de las especies > 200 corresponde a xilema mesofítico y el índice de vulnerabilidad > 1 sugiere que las cinco especies son poco resistentes al estrés hídrico. El valor más alto del índice de vulnerabilidad corresponde a M. tenuifl ora (6.26) y el más bajo a M. leucaenoides (1.81). Este tipo de estudios son importantes para la selección de especies vegetales con fi nes de restauración ambiental. Palabras clave: ecoanatomía, estrés hídrico, madera, Mimosa. Abstract:Mimosa is the genus with more species of Mimosoideae (Leguminosae) in Mexico; they establish from sea level to 2,850 m elevation. To estimate the tolerance to water stress of fi ve Mimosa species, some wood anatomical characteristics of vessel elements were compared and the wood mesomorphy and vulnerability ratios calculated. Three plants per species were studied and transverse sections and macerations were prepared from the stem. The mesomorphy and vulnerability ratios were estimated considering vessel diameter, vessels/mm 2 , and vessel element length. The fi ve species showed numerous vessels (17 -32) and short vessel elements (150 -221 μm) with small diameters (58 -75 μm), except M. tenuifl ora, with medium sized diameter (104 μm). In the studied species, the mesomorphy ratio > 200 matchs up to a mesomorphic wood and the vulnerability ratio > 1 suggests a low resistant to water stress. The highest vulnerability ratio value corresponds to M. tenuifl ora (6.26) and the lowest to M. leucaenoides (1.81). The results generated in this study are important to select plant species for ecological restoration purposes. Key words: ecological anatomy, Mimosa, water stress, wood.( León-H., 2005). Aunque existen trabajos que registran la relación estructura de la madera con factores edáfi cos (Villagra y Roig-Juñent, 1997), son más n...
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