Topology optimization can be divided into continuum and discrete types, the latter being the emphasis of the present work. In the field of discrete structural topology optimization of trusses, the generation of an initial ground structure is crucial. Thus, this paper examines the generation of ground structures for generic structural domains in two and three dimensions. It compares two methods of discretization, Voronoi-based and structured quadrilateral discretizations, and proposes two simple and effective ground structure generation approaches: the macroelement and macropatch approaches. Both can be implemented with either type of discretization. This work presents several features of these approaches, including the efficient generation of initial ground structures, a reduction in matrix bandwidth for the global stiffness matrix, finer control of bar connectivity, and a reduction in the number of overlapped bars. Generic examples and practical structural engineering designs are presented. They display the features of the proposed approaches and highlight the comparison with results from either the literature, the traditional ground structure generation, or the continuum optimization method.

ASCE 07018009-1 J. Struct. Eng. J. Struct. Eng., 2018, 144(10): 07018009 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by 44.224.250.200 on 07/10/20. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. © ASCE 07018009-2 J. Struct. Eng. J. Struct. Eng., 2018, 144(10): 07018009 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by 44.224.250.200 on 07/10/20. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. © ASCE 07018009-3 J. Struct. Eng. J. Struct. Eng., 2018, 144(10): 07018009 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by 44.224.250.200 on 07/10/20.