Staphylococcus epidermidis is notorious for its biofilm formation on medical devices, and novel approaches to prevent and kill S. epidermidis biofilms are desired. In this study, the effect of cinnamon oil on planktonic and biofilm cultures of clinical S. epidermidis isolates was evaluated. Initially, susceptibility to cinnamon oil in planktonic cultures was compared to the commonly used antimicrobial agents chlorhexidine, triclosan, and gentamicin. The MIC of cinnamon oil, defined as the lowest concentration able to inhibit visible microbial growth, and the minimal bactericidal concentration, the lowest concentration required to kill 99.9% of the bacteria, were determined using the broth microdilution method and plating on agar. A checkerboard assay was used to evaluate the possible synergy between cinnamon oil and the other antimicrobial agents. The effect of cinnamon oil on biofilm growth was studied in 96-well plates and with confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM). Biofilm susceptibility was determined using a metabolic 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Real-time PCR analysis was performed to determine the effect of sub-MIC concentrations of cinnamon oil on expression of the biofilm-related gene, icaA. Cinnamon oil showed antimicrobial activity against both planktonic and biofilm cultures of clinical S. epidermidis strains. There was only a small difference between planktonic and biofilm MICs, ranging from 0.5 to 1% and 1 to 2%, respectively. CLSM images indicated that cinnamon oil is able to detach and kill existing biofilms. Thus, cinnamon oil is an effective antimicrobial agent to combat S. epidermidis biofilms.

Hospital food hygiene plays an important role to patient's health. Studies proved that improper practices and lack of knowledge are contributing factors of foodborne diseases. This study was conducted to determine knowledge, attitude and practice of hospital safe food handling in Semarang, Central Java. A cross sectional study was conducted in two general hospitals' kitchen. Data were collected from 60 food handlers through validated questionnaire. Respondents were grouped into two categories: a. Teaching Hospital, and b.Non-teaching Hospital. Data were collected in February-April 2017. Most of food handlers (80%) were graduated from vocational senior high school (SMK). Respondent's age were 28-37 years (36.7%) in average. Most of respondent‟s work experience (85%) was less than 15 years. The result showed that more than 80% of food handlers have good knowledge in safe food handling procedures, good attitude (66%) and good practices (90%). There was no significant difference of knowledge, attitude and practices between two groups. Results strongly emphasize the need of food hygiene training of hospital food handlers. It also suggest that non food handlers such as nurse or kitchen supervisor should involved in the training. Some aspects of food handlers' safety behavior need to be emphasized.

Background: Macrophages play an important role as part of the innate immune response in the gut and they represent one of the first lines of nonspecific defense against bacterial invasion. Previous studies indicated that probiotics and prebiotics may act as an immunomodulator agents. Nevertheless, research on the immunomodulatory effect of local materials has never been performed.Objective: To study the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum Mut7 and sweet potato fiber on the activity and Nitric Oxide (NO) production of peritoneal macrophages of Sprague Dawley rats.Method: Ninety six Sprague Dawley rats aged 8 weeks were divided into two groups; A (not infected with Salmonella typhimurium) and B (infected with S. typhimurium). Each group was divided into 4 subgroups and assigned to standard AIN-93M diet (KON), 109 CFU/ml of L. plantarum Mut7 (PRO), modified AIN-93M diet with sweet potato fiber (PRE), and both component (SIN). After 3 weeks of treatment, 6 rats of each subgroup were sacrificed and the peritoneal macrophages were isolated and analysed for its activity and NO production. The rest of the rats continued the treatments for another 2 weeks. At the end of the experiment, they were sacrificed and the peritoneal macrophage were isolated and analysed for its activity and NO production.Results: Oral administration of  L. plantarum Mut7, sweet potato fiber, or both improve phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophage which was indicated by an increase in the percentage of macrophages that phagocyte latex particles (p<0.05) and an increase in the number of latex particles engulfed by macrophages either after 3 or 5 weeks of treatment (p<0.05). Oral administration of L. plantarum Mut7, sweet potato fiber, or both were unable to increase the nitric oxide production after 3 weeks of treatment (p>0.05), but after 5 weeks of treatment the production of NO was significantly increased (p<0.05).Conclusion: L. plantarum Mut7, sweet potato fiber, or both increase the non specific immune response as they could improve the activity and NO production of peritoneal macrophages.

One of the objectives of health development is a healthy environment including hospital environment. The quality of hospital environment becomes one of that needs to be considered, because of there are some ways of transmission of germ that causing infection could occured through droplet, airborne or direct contact. The spreading of nosocomial infections in hospitals may occur at existing facilities in hospital such as theatre or surgery room, emergency room, outpatient installation, and patient room. To determine the factors those are related to the number of bacteria in the air and floor of inpatient room of PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Yogyakarta. The study was an observational analytic cross-sectional study design. The populations in this study were all of inpatient rooms at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital of Yogyakarta. The samples of the observation were all five wards. Data were collected using a check list, measuring temperature, humidity, lighting, number of bacteria in air and floor. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test to examine the relationship between variables and using Anova to see the differences. The results showed a significant relationship exists between the number of patients with air bacteria rate (p = 0.

The effect of community mental health nursing training on the self efficacy and skills of the mental health cadresPurposeThis study aimed to know the effect of community mental health nursing training to self efficacy and skills of mental health cadres in early detection of severe mental illness symptoms in Banyuroto village, Nanggulan district, Kulon Progo. MethodsThis research was a quasi-experimental study using pre-post tests with control group. The treatment group were 32 health cadres who were given community mental health nursing training and the control group were 33 cadres who were not given community mental health nursing. ResultsBased on the pre-post tests, it was shown that there was a significant effect on the self efficacy and skills enhancement. ConclusionThere was an effect of community mental health nursing training using lectures, demonstrations, and role play methods on the self efficacy enhancement and skills of the mental health cadres in performing severe mental illness symptom early detection (psychosis).