Introduction: Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a common condition in newborns as a result of birth asphyxia. Affected neonates display a number of clinical features by which the condition may be suspected. Aim:To study the different varieties of gross anatomical defects of the neonatal brain in cases of HIE as seen by ultrasonography. Materials and Methods:Ultrasonography (USG) of the neonatal brain was done in 100 cases of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) during the first and second weeks of life, through anterior, posterior and mastoid fontanelles.The results were analysed to display the spectrum of abnormalities in the affected babies.Results: A large proportion of the neonates had a normal study (47%), followed by intracranial haemorrhage (24%), cerebral oedema and infarction (17%), dilatation of ventricles (5%), and others (7%). Conclusion:Intracranial haemorrhage is the commonest consequence of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The large number of normal studies shows the need for combining ultrasonography with other imaging modalities in selected cases.Radiology Section

Human hydrocephalus is a disorder of abnormality in CSF flow or resorption, which has been classified in pertinent literature as congenital and acquired. Congenital hydrocephalus can present as an isolated phenomenon which is common; or with associated anomalies affecting other organs, disturbing physiology or presenting as a syndrome. This report describes a case with congenital foetal hydrocephalus, hypoplastic lungs with super-numery lobations and large left lobe of liver compared to right. Thus far, a review of the literature indicates that this case can be postulated as a subtype of Game-Friedman-Paradice syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Accurate knowledge of anatomical variations regarding origins of the profunda femoris, medial and lateral femoral circumflex femoral arteries are important for clinicians in the present modern era of interventional radiology. Our aim of this study was to observe and identify the variations in origin of the Profunda femoris artery and its circumflex branches. MATERIALS & METHODS: 66 femoral triangles were dissected on 33 cadavers (Both sides). The profunda femoris vessel and its medial and lateral circumflex arteries were dissected and identified. The distance of the site of origin of Profunda Femoris Artery was measured from mid-inguinal point (MIP) in centimetres with scale, thread, and digital callipers. The sites of origin of Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery and Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery were also studied and the distances of origin of each of them were measured from the origin of the Profunda Femoris Artery and from the mid-inguinal point. All the data were interpreted in tables. RESULTS: The data from the study was analyzed using statistical methods and analyzed by using the statistical package SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 16.0 for windows in present study for analyzing the data contingency table were created first and then analyzed by using the Pearson's chi-square test. The present study encountered that, in approximately 50% cases the profunda femoris artery originated from the lateral aspect of the common femoral artery. The lateral and medial circumflex femoral artery commonly originated from the profunda femoris nearly close to its origin from common femoral artery. CONCLUSION: This knowledge of variation and position would be very useful in preventing the iatrogenic injury to these vessels during surgical procedures of the femoral triangle. So, this study would be useful for the clinician for surgical and therapeutic intervention.

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