Correction: The page numbers on this article were changed from 4-20 to 3-19 on 31/08/2020. Introduction: We presume that the knowledge of patients about Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) scan is of utmost importance for smooth workflow, patient comfort, patients’ safety and to mitigate patients’ compliance and save valuable scan time. Therefore, the purpose ofthis study was to determine the awareness of patients undergoing MRI scan regarding Knowledge, Perception and Safety. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital from April to September, 2018. Total of 310 patients referred to undergo MRI scan were assessed by a questionnaire form covering 4 parts: Part 1- aimed to gather the socio demographic data such as age, sex, occupation and educational status of patients, Part 2- included the knowledge regarding MRI and its safety, Part 3- comprised the patient perception before MRI scan and Part 4 constituted the patient perception after MRI scan.The form was filled by an investigator oneself in a face to face interview with the patients. Results: Among 310 patients, 35.2% were illiterate and 19.4% graduated from high school. Majority of 85.5% patients answered that MRI uses harmful ionizing radiation like CT scan and radiography. Almost 43 patients who answered MRI functions in disease treatment also answered decreased in pain after MRI scan (Male = 15 and Female = 28) were in age group between 25 years and 50 years. This study also revealed that majority of 26.8% (i.e. n = 83) patients faced problem as claustrophobia along with anxiety during the scan, out of which 13 patients have history of previous MRI scan. Conclusions: In our study decrease in pain was higher in diagnosis and treatment answer. Majority of the patients faced anxiety along with claustrophobia during the MRI scan. Assessment of patient knowledge, perception and safety regarding MRI scan can be the key to increase patient compliance and save valuable scan time.

Introduction: The ability of a person to phonate a sound gets affected in different laryngeal and respiratory pathology which can be measured by the help of two measure called as Maximum Phonation Duration (MPD) and S/Z ratio that  helps to assess the efficiency of  respiratory and phonatory system. The aim of this study is to measure the MPD and S/Z ratio in Normal, Tuberculosis and Asthma group patient. Methods: The participant included Normal, Asthma and Tuberculosis patient where the recording was made in a quiet room with the help of PRAAT software and the participant were asked to sustain phonation of sound on single breath. Analysis was done with helps of SPSS version 25.0. Results: There was a significant difference noted in MPD of /a/, /i/, /u/ sound between control and experimental group. MPD were significantly shorter in Asthma and Tuberculosis group compared to Normal group with no significant difference in S/Z ratio. Conclusions: Maximum Phonation Duration is more reduced in Asthma and Tuberculosis patient compared to Normal group which indicate Asthma and Tuberculosis patient has to put more effort to phonate a sound.

The regeneration status of a forest is an essential metrics to assess the regeneration potential and population structure of forests. In emerging nations like Nepal, however, human dependency on forests has had a negative influence on forest diversity and sustainability. This paper analyzes the regeneration status and its link with bio-physical aspects and human disturbances. The data were collected using a systematic random sampling method and sample plots were established using the fishnet tool in ArcGIS. An inventory survey of 96 plots was carried out with nested circular sample plots with a main radius of 1261 cm. The overall regeneration condition of the forest was found to be in good condition according to Community Forestry Inventory Guideline, 2004. The majority of the tree species were determined to have a sound quality and medium (II) grades in this study. In terms of the diameter class distribution, lower diameter classes (21-60 cm) comprised more adults than the upper diameter classes (61-120 cm). This study found no significant variations in the effects of biophysical factors, such as slope and aspect, on species regeneration. The study concludes the inadequate silvicultural management interventions in the forest. This information can be useful to devise systematic plans to promote good-quality regeneration and manage the factors that are likely to affect the overall regeneration. Further research focusing on other biophysical factors as well as social factors and their influence on regeneration including its management techniques is recommended.

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Human voice is unique due to laryngeal configuration. However, change in voice is common with age and gender. It can also be altered by vocal abuse and misuse leading to different types of voice disorders. So, the present study aims to study the prevalence of voice disorder in patients visiting the voice clinic ENT-HNS department of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital tertiary care center.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This was a retrospective study carried out among the patients visiting voice clinic in the department of ENT-HNS for a duration of one year. The patients were evaluated for voice disorder by a team of ENT doctors and Speech pathologists using perceptual and instrumental evaluation. The patients who required surgical intervention were excluded. A descriptive study was done among patients with voice disorders requiring voice therapy.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 296 patients, the most common age group was 25-50 years with more females compared to males. Structural cause for voice disorder was most common in all age groups and gender in both professional and non-professional voice users but it was more prevalent in professional voice users.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Voice disorders were more frequent in females than males and also in professional voice users as they tend to use voice more daily. The structural cause for voice disorder is the major cause of voice problems in all age groups.  </p>

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