Prenatal bowel dilatation in combination with other abnormal ultrasound features, especially small bowel dilatation in combination with other abnormal ultrasound features, detected in the second and third trimesters, tended to indicate intestinal malformation, which contributes to enhance the accuracy of prenatal diagnosis of intestinal malformation.

Aims Fruit color polymorphisms are widespread in plants, but what maintains them is largely unclear. One hypothesis is that some morphs are preferred by dispersers while others have higher pre- or postdispersal fitness. This leads to the prediction that fruit color morphs will differ in pre- or postdispersal fitness. Methods We compared genetic and clonal diversity, mating system, morphological traits that might be associated with resistance to freezing, and germination, survival and seed production of progeny of the red and white fruit morphs in a population of a diploid, wild strawberry, Fragaria pentaphylla, from south-central China. Important Findings The red morph was much more abundant than the white but did not show higher genetic diversity as measured by observed and effective numbers of alleles, Shannon information index, or expected or observed heterozygosities. AMOVA showed that most of the genetic variation in the population was within rather than between morphs. Morphs did not differ in mating system parameters, and no significant biparental inbreeding was found in either morph. Gene flow between two morphs was high (Nm = 6.89). Seeds of the red morph germinated about 2 days earlier and had a 40% higher rate of germination than those of the white morph, but survival of seedlings and seed production by surviving offspring did not differ between morphs. The whole postdispersal fitness of the red morph was about two times higher than that of the white morph. Red morphs had hairier petioles but not more surface wax on leaves. Overall, results showed partial evidence for difference in pre- and postdispersal fitness between fruit color morphs in F. pentaphylla. Differences in fitness independent of dispersal may thus partially account for fruit color polymorphism in all cases.

No abstract

Background: Prediction models for early and late fetal growth restriction (FGR) have been established in many high-income countries. However, prediction models for late FGR in China are limited. This study aimed to develop a simple combined first- and second-trimester prediction model for screening late-onset FGR in South Chinese infants. Methods: This retrospective study included 2258 women who had singleton pregnancies and received routine ultrasound scans as training dataset. A validation dataset including 565 pregnant women was used to evaluate the model in order to enable an unbiased estimation. Late-onset FGR was defined as a birth weight < the 10th percentile plus abnormal Doppler indices and/or a birth weight below the 3rd percentile after 32 weeks, regardless of the Doppler status. Multivariate logistic regression was used to develop a prediction model. The model included the a priori risk (maternal characteristics), the second-trimester head circumference (HC/AC) / abdomen circumference (HC) ratio and estimated fetal weight (EFW). Results: Ninety-three fetuses were identified as late-onset FGR. The significant predictors for late-onset FGR were maternal age, height, weight, and medical history; the second-trimester HC/ AC ratio; and the EFW. This model achieved a detection rate (DR) of 52.6% for late-onset FGR at a 10% false positive rate (FPR) (area under the curve (AUC): 0.80, 95%CI 0.76-0.85). The AUC of the validation dataset was 0.65 (95%CI 0.54-0.78). Conclusions: A multivariate model combining first- and second-trimester default tests can detect 52.6% of cases of late-onset FGR at a 10% FPR. Further studies with more screening markers are needed to improve the detection rate.