Motorcycle taxi drivers are directly exposed to air pollution in their work environment; therefore, their lung function might decrease more than that of enclosed vehicle taxi drivers, especially when exposed to ≥50 µg/m PM. World Health Organization (WHO) vehicular emission standards should be recognized and eventually enforced.

This study evaluated the extractability and bioavailability of Phosphorus (P) recovered from waste activated sludge (WAS) so as to reduce dependence on the import of non-renewable P resources. P extraction was carried out using sulfuric acid (H2SO4). A response surface methodology was used to optimize conditions for the chemical leaching of WAS. The results showed the optimum condition for leaching WAS with 0.1 mol/L H2SO4 for 30 min, resulting in 97% P released. The efficiency of P recovery by P precipitation was associated with pH value and Mg:P. At pH 7, 9, and 11, P recovery was 92, 92, and 91% with uncontrolled Mg and 93, 93, and 92% with sea salt (Mg:P, 2:1), respectively. However, the yield of the produced struvite was much lower compared with that of added sea salt. From elemental analysis, the yield of struvite precipitated at pH 9 of Mg:P, 2:1 was about 26%, and the total P content of the precipitate was 12%. Available P was almost 80% after 35 days of operation, which was higher than that of commercial fertilizers. Results of this study are expected to provide fully comprehensive information to decision-makers regarding the suitability of implementing P-composite matter recovered from WAS. This will also help close the loop of the P cycle for food cultivation in the human ecosystem.

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In this study, chemical extraction using different acid concentrations, solids concentrations, and reaction time with subsequent interactions mechanism were carried out to evaluate the potential of phosphorus (P) recovery from primary settled-nightsoil sludge (PSNS). The response surface methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken experimental design and one-way ANOVA analysis were also employed to establish optimal P leaching conditions. The extraction efficiency relied mainly on acid and solids concentration. The second-order polynomial model was successfully developed for extracting process designs. Approximately 93% of P could effectively be extracted from PSNS of 20,000 mg/L with 0.5 M of H2SO4 at reaction time of 45 min (optimum condition). Kinetic studies showed that the pseudo-second order was fit to describe leaching of P and metals. Moreover, the rate of kinetic constants (k2) of the P, Fe, Mg, and Ca under optimum condition were found to be 0.1607, 0.1099, 0.0317, and 0.0053 g/mg·min, respectively. The 99% leaching of maximum extracted P concentration at the equilibrium (9.6673 mg/g) took place in less than one hour. The findings of a suitable simple and low-cost method P dissolution from PSNS not only provides understanding of leaching kinetics, but also helps to pave a way of recovering P from a renewable resource in the field of waste utilization.