The investigation examined the consequences of design-based learning integrated with the educational neuroscience instructional model (DEN) and conventional instructional model (CIM) for tenth-grade students’ learning outcomes, executive function, and learning stress. Since the physics curriculum is planned to prepare students for discovering complex scientific concepts through real-life experience, the use of the DEN model is necessary to measure its efficiency. The cluster random sampling method was used to select 63 out of 494 tenth-grade students from Numsomphittayakhon School, Thailand. The researcher administered seven tests and employed the pre-test and post-test control group research design. The experimental and control groups were taught using DEN and CIM, respectively. The data were analyzed by repeated measures of multivariate analysis of variance to study the consequences of both instructional models. The results indicated that students from both groups seemed to demonstrate no significant difference in all the pre-tests on the dependent variables before the treatment with the instructional models. However, MANOVA analysis discovered that the experimental group’s physics learning outcomes and executive functions were better than the control group. Moreover, students from the experimental group seemed to have a lower learning stress level than those from the control group. The results have successfully contributed to contemporary awareness of the efficiency of the DEN model to promote student learning outcomes and executive functions and reduce students’ learning stress. Conventional instructional model, educational neuroscience instructional model, executive functions, learning outcomes, learning stress

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Background and Aim: Microsporum gallinae is the major dermatophyte species that causes avian dermatophytosis. Disinfection plays an important role in controlling and preventing dermatophytosis; however, information about the effect of common disinfection processes on M. gallinae is limited. This study aimed to investigate the disinfection efficacy of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, heat treatment, detergents, and germicides against infective spores (arthroconidia) and vegetative mycelia of M. gallinae. Materials and Methods: The minimum inhibitory and minimum fungicidal concentrations of benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, ethanol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, phenol, povidone-iodine, and sodium hypochlorite germicides against arthroconidia and mycelia of M. gallinae American type culture collection (ATCC) 90749 were determined by broth microdilution. Time-kill assays were used to determine the fungicidal efficacy of moist heat treatment, UV irradiation, commercially available detergents, and germicides. Results: There were no significant differences between the arthroconidia and mycelia growth stages of M. gallinae ATCC 90749 in the magnitude of the log10 cell reductions in the number of viable fungal cells induced by the disinfection treatments (all p > 0.05). Moist heat treatment at 40°C did not reduce the number of viable fungal cells at any time (1–60 min); however, treatment at 50°C for 25 min and either 60°C or 80°C for 5 min eliminated > 99.999% of viable fungal cells. Irradiation of fungal cultures with UVC and UVB at doses higher than or equal to 0.4 and 0.8 J/cm2, respectively, resulted in a 5-log10 reduction in the number of viable fungal cells, whereas UVA only reduced the number of viable fungal cells by < 2-log10 up to a dose of 1.6 J/cm2. All the tested detergents demonstrated minimal fungicidal effects with < 1-log10 reductions in the number of viable fungal cells at concentrations up to 8% w/v. All of the tested germicides eradicated the fungus after treatment for 1 min at 1–1000× minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), except for hydrogen peroxide, which was not fungicidal after treatment for 20 min at 100× MIC. Conclusion: Moist heat treatment at temperatures greater than or equal to 50°C, UVC and UVB irradiation at doses higher than or equal to 0.4 and 0.8 J/cm2, respectively, and treatment with all tested germicides except hydrogen peroxide can be considered effective processes for disinfecting the fungus M. gallinae from the equipment employed in poultry farming. In contrast, commercially available detergents are not suitable for use as M. gallinae disinfectants.