This review highlights recent advances in the development of poly(ionic liquid)-based composites for diverse materials applications.

The visualiz­ation of glycosyl­ation states of specific proteins in vivo is of great importance for uncovering their roles in disease development. However, the ubiquity of glycosyl­ation makes probing the glycans on a certain protein as difficult as looking for a needle in a haystack. Herein, we demonstrate a proximity-induced hybridiz­ation chain reaction (HCR) strategy for amplified visualiz­ation of protein-specific glycosyl­ation. The strategy relies on designing two kinds of DNA probes, glycan conversion probes and protein recognition probes, which are attached to glycans and target proteins, respectively. Upon sequential binding to the targets, the proximity-induced hybridiz­ation between two probes occurs, which leads to the structure-switching of protein recognition probes, followed by triggering of HCR assembly. This strategy has been used to visualize tyrosine-protein kinase 7-specific sialic acid in living CEM cells and zebra­fish and to monitor its variation during drug treatment. It provides a potential tool for investigating protein-specific glycosyl­ation and researching the relation between dynamic glycans state and disease process.

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High exposure to PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS is associated with increased risk of POI in humans.