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Abstract:Background: hydronephrosis is one of the most common complication of renal obstructive diseases, if left untreated, it may cause severe complications which may lead to acute and chronic renal failure. Objectives: to assess and classify hydronephrosis and determine the causes using ultrasound. Materials and methods: It is a prospective study, the study population composed of 53 female and 47 male who were suspected with renal diseases and referred to the ultrasound department for investigation. Data collection sheet was designed to include the demographic data such as age, gender, and clinical history. All the patients had been examined with ultrasound using the abdomen and renal ultrasound imaging protocol with 3.5 MHz probe. The renal system (kidneys, urinary bladder and prostate) had been scanned, longitudinal and transverse sections were performed through the kidneys and prostate. Hydronephrosis and the underline causes were measured and reported. Statistical analysis was performed using the standard Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) version 16 for windows.Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Results: According to sonographic appearance, hydronephrosis had been classified into mild, moderate and severe hydronephrosis. Mild hydronephrosis is most common (53%), moderate (30%), severe hydronephrosis (13%) and extreme hydronephrosis was 4%. There were various causes of hydronephrosis, ureteric stone 31%, kidney stone 23%, pregnancy 12% and benign prostatic hypertrophy 11%. Most of the study population had history of renal stones (63%) Conclusion: Ultrasound is the first line of investigation of the renal system. It is sensitive and accurate to assess and classify the hydronephrosis and determine the main causes. Metabolic disorders (gout and diabetes) were the most risk factors of renal obstructive diseases.

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Background: Hypertension is one of the major world health problems. Ultrasonography plays a useful role in the assessment of morphologicalchanges at the kidneys in hypertensive patients. Aim: To assess sonographic findings of the kidneys in hypertensive patients’ co-morbidities with type 2 diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease (IDH). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study involved 100 participants with primary hypertension selected by a method of simple convenient sampling. The patients were examined using ultrasonography to assess the sonographic findings of the kidneys. The renal length, corticomedullary differentiation (CMD), and renal artery diameters were assessed. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 23.0) was used in data analysis. Results: The length of the right kidney was 8.9850 ± 1.01 cm and 9.48 ± 0.98 cm for the left kidney. Among the hypertensive patients, the incidence of hypertension was highest in housewives (27%) and students (23%) as compared with the other groups. The sonographic findings were 18% affected with simple renal cysts, 7% poor CMD, and the majority had normal kidneys. Significant correlation was found between age and sonographic findings of kidneys ( r = 0.21, P value = 0.033). Conclusion: Simple renal cysts, poor CMD, and stenosis of renal arteries were most common sonographic findings in hypertension. Simple renal cystshad a significant association with hypertension.