No abstract

Ras El-Bar resort located in the northeastern Egyptian Nile Delta coast includes a very active sandy beach coastline, which extends roughly 12 km west of Damietta Nile branch. Erosion along the coast of Ras El-Bar resort has been mitigated by constructing a series of coastal engineering structures that include jetties, groins, seawalls and detached breakwaters. The Project of protecting Ras El-bar resort started early in 1941 and ended in 2010 and aimed to decrease the continuous erosion and protecting the investments at the Ras El-bar resort. Studying shore line change at this region is important in making the development plan of protection works along the Egyptian northeastern coast by evaluating the effect of constructed detached breakwaters on shoreline. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the change detection rate of Ras El-bar shoreline at the last 15 years (2000-2015) and to evaluate the effect of basaltic stones and dollos blocks that constructed to re-protect the western jetty and fanar area by mitigating beach erosion. Besides, this study aimed to determine the degree of shoreline stability and solidity for future investment plans. Remote Sensing (RS) technique was used as a low cost method to Evaluate the morphologic changes (erosion/accretion patterns) from analysing Landsat-8, spot4, ETM+, and Egypt sat satellite images that acquired in the period from (2000-2015) to get the shoreline vector position of each date year. It was found that the shoreline change rate at Ras El-Bar resort at present study in the period from 2000-2015 has reached an erosion rate of (-0.1:-1.1m/yr) and a rate of accretion that reached to (+0.2:+4m/yr) at maximum. These rates values consider as the ideal values for stable beach and enabled us to give a clear conclusion that Ras El-Bar's beaches behind the detached breakwaters are stable and no need for future protection in the near future. Therefore, this study did not examine the area hydrodynamiclly because there is no need for that, since the message given by the stable beach for a long time is a strong testament refers to a balance of bilateral dimensions within the depths of coastal zone. As long as the beach is stable, the surf zone is stable.

Ten new species of the coccolithophore genus Syracosphaera are described from temperate and sub-tropical to tropical waters: Syracosphaera andruleitii sp. nov., Syracosphaera castellata sp. nov., Syracosphaera didyma sp. nov., Syracosphaera hastata sp. nov., Syracosphaera hirsuta sp. nov., Syracosphaera leptolepis sp. nov., Syracosphaera operculata sp. nov., Syracosphaera reniformis sp. nov., Syracosphaera serrata sp. nov. and Syracosphaera squamosa sp. nov. An emended description is given for Syracosphaera nanaKamptner. These and other Syracosphaera species are placed in a revised classification scheme for the genus, based on the morphological structure of endothecal and exothecal coccoliths, and coccosphere characteristics. The Syracosphaera noroitica group is introduced for species with exothecal murolithswith a beaded proximal flange and varimorphic endothecal muroliths. The three new subgroups in the Syracosphaera nodosa group are characterised by their exothecal coccolith structure: subcircular and delicate in the leptolepis-subgroup, oval in the nana-subgroup and laminated in the squamosa-subgroup. The corolla-subgroup, with its large funnel- shaped exothecal coccoliths, is new in the Syracosphaera pulchra group.