Following the ‘Year of Recall’ in 2007 which saw greatest number of children’s toys product recalls from United States of America (US) and European Union (EU) markets, both regions instituted new legislations governing children’s products: the US Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (CPSIA 2008) and EU 2009 Toy Safety Directive. This article analyses the approaches to safety of toys adopted in US and EU in light of the potential for cross-jurisdictional use of the framework. This qualitative research utilizes secondary data gained from scientific database analysis and library research, including documents and precedents on toys safety. These data were analyzed by using legal interpretation and comparative assessment. The study finds key features of each jurisdiction as well as notable similarities and differences in terms of regulations, safety standards used such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO 8124); The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM F963); and European Standards (EN 71). Further, two competing systems, each with its own reigning global governor namely, Third-Party Assessor (3PA) supported by the US and Supplier’s Declaration of Conformity System (SDOC) adopted by the EU, were assessed. When both systems were put into an evaluation, the extra third-party inspection for issuing certificate on the product based on 3PA enable to provide important protection to consumers over the SDOC system.

Climate change and global warming affect major change in freshwater availability and season uncertainty which hamper all part of the globe. Although the phenomenon is not new but it needs concerns from all the government of States around the world to  address the problem. If notthe drought and water shortages will directly and indirectly be the world problem and finally will ignite conflict over resources.Pollution and environmental degradation will also affect the sustainability of community’s economic activities. In Indonesia, since the enforcement of the first Environmental Management Act of 1982 up to the third Environmental Management Act of 2019, there have been forty one conflicts involving community and industries and palm plantation companies. All the conflicts are brought before the courts. Herein, industries and plantations are blamed for responsible for river water pollution and environmental degradation. Unfortunately, there is very little information in Indonesia obtained from the research reports, journals, news papers, magazines whether climate change and global warming also responsible for the occurrence of community environmental conflict. From the second data sources obtained from outsite Indonesia it is found that there is a link between climate change and community environmental disputes. The objectives of this paper tryto examine whether the cases submitted and solved by the District Courtsalso have some connection with the climate change phenomenon. Other objectives are to recommend to the Government of Indonesia to strengthen the existing regulations dealing with the climate change

The rise of standard form contracts and the use of unfair terms to deprive consumers from their rights have indeed inspired the law in many countries

Children"s toys have always been the primary step on the manufacturing ladder for several developing economies like Malaysia and other ASEAN member states (AMS). Apart from an ideal product to chase low cost labor, children"s toys were easy to produce with relative low-quality requirements. However, following the "Year of the Recall" in 2007 which saw the greatest number of recalled products of children"s toys from markets due to higher permissible amount of lead, Malaysia and several AMS no longer taken the safety of children"s toys product lightly. Despite Malaysia has amended its regulations which requires toys available on the Malaysian markets to be tested for the presence of maximum acceptable levels of lead from toy materials and toy parts, Malaysia and several AMS still has no laws on the regulation on the amount of lead in paint. Even worse, some of AMS still has no national legislations and regulations for safety standard of children"s toys product. This qualitative research utilizes the secondary data gained from scientific database analysis and library research including documents and precedents on children toy safety regulations and analyzed this data by legal interpretation. The finding shows that AMS requires proper national and regional legislations and regulations particularly for import, export, manufacturing, adoption and sale of children toys and paints to be ratified and implemented so as to avert the availability of lead-based paints and children toys with high lead content in the market.