Worldwide, millions of children have missed out on early childhood education and care (ECEC) due to the closure of their settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about the socio-emotional impact of these closures on young children. This paper draws upon a study of 506 parents of children aged 1–10 years in Ireland who completed the online Play and Learning in the Early Years (PLEY) Survey during lockdown in May and June 2020. Parents responded to a series of questions about their child’s play, learning and development during lockdown, and described the impact of the restrictions on their children’s lives. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee. Findings indicate that most children missed their friends, playing with other children, and the routine and structure of ECEC and school settings. Parents described the negative impact of the closure of these settings on their children’s social and emotional well-being, which they suggested, resulted in tantrums, anxiety, clinginess, boredom, and under-stimulation. However, some parents did report positive aspects of lockdown for their children and the family, including more time to play with siblings and a break from the usual routine. While the findings of the PLEY study indicate that children’s socio-emotional development was severely disrupted during lockdown, with a variety of negative impacts, this experience was not universal. Moreover, the findings suggest that families missed the nurturing environment provided by ECEC programs that supported their children's socio-emotional development, as well as the structure and routine afforded by their children's participation in early childhood programs.
Standard teicoplanin dosing regimens should be used with caution in patients with haematological malignancy. Bodyweight, CLCR and serum albumin concentration are important considerations for appropriate dosing.
19Objectives: To describe the population pharmacokinetics of teicoplanin in adult haematological 20 malignancy patients receiving higher than standard doses and to perform Monte Carlo simulations 21 to determine dosing regimens associated with optimal teicoplanin concentrations. 22Methods: This was a hospital-based clinical trial (EudraCT 2013-004535-72). Nine blood samples 23 were collected on Day 3, plus single trough samples on Days 7 and 10, and 24 and 48 h post last 24 dose. Teicoplanin minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for Gram-positive isolates 25 from study patients. Population pharmacokinetic analyses and Monte Carlo dosing simulations were 26 undertaken using Pmetrics®. 27Results: Thirty adult haematological malignancy patients were recruited with a mean (SD) loading 28 dose, age, total body weight and creatinine clearance of 9.5 (1.9) mg/kg, 63 (12) that administering five loading doses 12-h, stratified by total body weight and creatinine clearance, 36 increased the probability of achieving target concentrations within 72 h. 37Conclusions: To increase the number of patients achieving optimal teicoplanin concentrations an 38 individualised dosing approach, based on body weight and creatinine clearance, is recommended. 39 40
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