Patellofemoral instability may occur in a young population as a result of injury during sporting activities. This review focuses on return to sport after one episode of dislocation treated no operatively and as well after surgery for chronic patellofemoral instability. With or without surgery, only two-thirds of patients return to sports at the same level as prior to injury. A high-quality rehabilitation programme using specific exercises is the key for a safe return to sporting activities. To achieve this goal, recovery of muscle strength and dynamic stability of the lower limbs is crucial. The focus should be directed to strengthen the quadriceps muscle and pelvic stabilizers, as well as lateral trunk muscle training. Patient education and regularly performed home exercises are other key factors that can lead to a successful return to sports. The criteria for a safe return to sports include the absence of pain, no effusion, a complete range of motion, almost symmetrical strength, and excellent dynamic stability.Level of evidence IV.

Professional and amateur athletes alike are burdened by shoulder injuries. 7,44,48,49,78,88 Shoulder pain affects athlete performance, training, and daily life. 61,64 More than half of elite collegiate American football players sustain at least 1 shoulder injury during their career. 48 Shoulder injuries are a problem for athletes in sports as diverse as rugby, 54 baseball, 34 handball, 20 diving, 73 water polo, 73 and kayaking. 41 Yet, there is a lack of quality evidence to guide clinicians, athletes, and coaches in managing shoulder injury risk or return to sport (RTS) post injury. The absence of quality evidence hinders those who wish to produce clinical practice guidelines. Previous consensus statements have targeted specific shoulder pathologies 4,31,60,89 and the scapula. 50 However, questions remain: • Which exercises are most appropriate for supporting primary prevention of shoulder injury in athletes? • Does screening for muscle weakness, such as a loss of rotational strength in the shoulder, hold value for athletes? • Which load management measures are relevant for the athlete with shoulder injury?U SYNOPSIS: There is an absence of high-quality evidence to support rehabilitation and return-tosport decisions following shoulder injuries in athletes. The Athlete Shoulder Consensus Group was convened to lead a consensus process that aimed to produce best-practice guidance for clinicians, athletes, and coaches for managing shoulder injuries in sport. We developed the consensus via a 2-round Delphi process (involving more than 40 content and methods experts) and an in-person meeting. This consensus statement provides guidance with respect to load and risk management, supporting athlete shoulder rehabilitation, and decision making during the return-to-sport process. This statement is designed to offer clinicians the flexibility to apply principle-based approaches to managing the return-to-sport process within a variety of sporting backgrounds. The principles and consensus of experts working across multiple sports may provide a template for developing additional sport-specific guidance in the future.

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