Background: Studies of World Trade Center (WTC)-exposed rescue/recovery workers report the increased occurrence of health conditions after work at the WTC disaster site. However, the extent to which these associations are due to WTC exposure is unclear, in part due to the lack of suitable comparison groups. Accordingly, we identified a previously assembled National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) cohort of career firefighters from three US cities (n = 29,992). Here, we document the challenges in establishing this non-WTC-exposed firefighter cohort for the goal of tracking and comparing cancer and chronic health conditions in WTC-exposed and non-WTC-exposed firefighters.Methods: Follow-up process included institutional review board applications, data use agreements, state cancer registry linkages and vital status determination for the NIOSH firefighter cohort. After completion of these steps, we undertook outreach to the three original city fire departments and union officials, before contact tracing and direct recruitment of 14,566 living firefighters to complete a confidential health survey. We staggered recruitment efforts by the city, using letters, postcards, emails, videos, and telephone outreach. Participants who completed the survey received $10.Results: A total of 4962 of 14,566 alive firefighters responded to the baseline survey (34.1% response rate). Respondents were older and more likely to be non-Hispanic white than nonrespondents. Conclusions:We provide an overview of the process for the first survey to collect information on physical and mental health conditions among US firefighters. The data collected will have an important impact on studies of WTC rescue/recovery work, firefighting, and related health conditions.

Testing Prepaid Incentives and a Mail Questionnaire to Increase Response in a Multi-Wave Telephone Survey The National Longitudinal Transition Study 2 (NLTS2), funded by the U.S. Department of Education, is a nationwide longitudinal study designed to collect information on the education, activities, and development of youth with disabilities. NLTS2 follows approximately 11,000 youth with disabilities and their parents over a 10-year period as the youth transition from high school into their young adult lives; interviews began in 2001 and are conducted by telephone every two years with both parents and youth. In 2007, we conducted an experiment to test the effectiveness of using a prepaid token incentive (rather than a post-survey incentive) and a mail questionnaire (as an alternative to the telephone interview). The results showed that parents who were provided the option of completing a mail survey were significantly more likely to respond than those who were provided only a letter reminding them of the telephone interview (with or without a prepaid incentive).

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