Cockroaches are insects that can accommodate diets of different composition, including lignocellulosic materials. Digestion of these compounds is achieved by the insect’s own enzymes and also by enzymes produced by gut symbionts. The presence of different and modular bacterial phyla on the cockroach gut tract suggests that this insect could be an interesting model to study the organization of gut bacterial communities associated with the digestion of different lignocellulosic diets. Thus, changes in the diversity of gut associated bacterial communities of insects exposed to such diets could give useful insights on how to improve hemicellulose and cellulose breakdown systems. In this work, through sequence analysis of 16S rRNA clone libraries, we compared the phylogenetic diversity and composition of gut associated bacteria in the cockroach Periplaneta americana collected in the wild-types or kept on two different diets: sugarcane bagasse and crystalline cellulose. These high fiber diets favor the predominance of some bacterial phyla, such as Firmicutes, when compared to wild-types cockroaches. Our data show a high bacterial diversity in P. americana gut, with communities composed mostly by the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Synergistetes. Our data show that the composition and diversity of gut bacterial communities could be modulated by diet composition. The increased presence of Firmicutes in sugarcane bagasse and crystalline cellulose-fed animals suggests that these bacteria are strongly involved in lignocellulose digestion in cockroach guts.BackgroundCockroaches are omnivorous animals that can incorporate in their diets food of different composition, including lignocellulosic materials. Digestion of these compounds is achieved by the insect’s own enzymes and also by enzymes produced by gut symbiont. However, the influence of diet with different fiber contents on gut bacterial communities and how this affects the digestion of cockroaches is still unclear. The presence of some bacterial phyla on gut tract suggests that cockroaches could be an interesting model to study the organization of gut bacterial communities during digestion of different lignocellulosic diets. Knowledge about the changes in diversity of gut associated bacterial communities of insects exposed to such diets could give interesting insights on how to improve hemicellulose and cellulose breakdown systems.Methodology/principal findingsWe compared the phylogenetic diversity and composition of gut associated bacteria in the cockroach P. americana caught on the wild or kept on two different diets: sugarcane bagasse and crystalline cellulose. For this purpose we constructed bacterial 16S rRNA gene libraries which showed that a diet rich in cellulose and sugarcane bagasse favors the predominance of some bacterial phyla, more remarkably Firmicutes, when compared to wild cockroaches. Rarefaction analysis, LIBSHUFF and UniFrac PCA comparisons showed that gene libraries of wild insects were the most diverse, followed by sugar...

Emergência e Fatores de Mortalidade Pupal deAnastrepha obliqua (Macq.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) no Período de Frutificação do Hospedeiro Spondias dulcis L.RESUMO -A emergência e os fatores de mortalidade pupal de Anastrepha obliqua (Macq.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) durante a frutificação da planta hospedeira Spondias dulcis L. (Anacardiaceae) foram estudados no campo e no laboratório em Sertãozinho, SP. Nas duas condições experimentais, após os períodos de emergência, foram registrados os números de pupários fechados e abertos. Os números de moscas e parasitóides emergidos dos pupários foram registrados. Os pupários fechados foram analisados e, conforme o estado da pupa dentro do pupário, as mesmas foram classificadas em vivas (dormentes) e mortas. Os fatores de mortalidade considerados foram: dessecação, doenças e predação. Foram analisados 1204 pupários, sendo que de 53% emergiram adultos e 47% permaneceram fechados; do total de pupários fechados, 25,3% eram pupas em estado de dormência e 21,7% eram pupas mortas por predadores, doenças e dessecação. Das pupas em estado de dormência, 17,8% eram moscas e somente 0,2% completaram o estágio pupal; 7,5% continham parasitóides, sendo que 4,7% deles emergiram. O parasitismo inicial foi de 8,6% e após a emergência das pupas em dormência aumentou para 15,5%. A ação predatória em condições naturais foi acentuada, especialmente quando o tempo de exposição foi prolongado. Em condições de laboratório, a dessecação foi o principal fator de mortalidade pupal. O parasitismo também contribuiu significativamente para a mortalidade pupal enquanto que, as doenças provocadas por patógenos (fungos e bactérias), parecem ter sido menos significativas. Predadores e parasitóides atuaram efetivamente no controle populacional dessa mosca-das-frutas. Entretanto, os fatores que regulam o estado de dormência, ainda devem ser determinados. A estimativa do estado de dormência, assim como a dos fatores bióticos e abióticos que atuam no estágio pupal são importantes para o entendimento das estratégias adaptativas de A.obliqua e seus parasitóides, como também para o desenvolvimento de métodos eficientes de controle em regiões tropicais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Insecta, mosca-das-frutas, estágio pupal, bioecologia.ABSTRACT -The emergence and pupal mortality factors of Anastrepha obliqua (Macq.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) along the fruiting season of the host plant, Spondias dulcis L. (Anarcadiaceae), were studied in Sertãozinho, SP, Brazil, under field and laboratory conditions. Eclosed and uneclosed puparia were recorded in two experimental conditions. The number of emerged flies and parasitoids were determined in the eclosed puparia. The uneclosed puparia were inspected and classified into living (dormant) and dead. The following pupal mortality factors were considered: disease, desiccation, predation and parasitism. Out of the total of 1,204 puparia analyzed, 53% emerged and 47% remained uneclosed. Out of the uneclosed puparia, 25.3% contained dormant pupae and 21.7% showed no signs of emergence. Among the dor...

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Ampulex compressa is a cockroach-hunting ampulicid wasp. In this survey we describe its egg, mature larva, along with the 1 st and 2 nd larval instars and cocoon, with emphasis on the characters considered important to the phylogeny of apoid wasps. It shares the following traits with the Sphecidae: reduced head setae, absence of antennal papilla, three antennal sensilla on antennal orbit, broad and strongly emarginate labrum, and spinneret with prominent raised lips. In common with other Ampulicidae, it has integument of the body granulose and without setae, mandibles with four or five teeth and lacking basal setae, maxillary palp larger than galea and discrete parietal bands. Distinct from the other Ampulicidae, it has a deep median longitudinal groove in the area above the salivary lips, a distinct group of five sensilla on the subgenal area, and lacks spines on the spiracular peritreme.

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