The results from the present study indicate that there is a positive association between levels of pain catastrophizing in parents and their adult children. A family may have a specific cognitive style for coping with pain, which is associated to a child's responses to pain experiences.

Pain catastrophizing is an important predictor of pain intensity and pain-related outcomes. Many studies have shown that the level of this phenomenon is higher in women compared to men. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a difference in pain catastrophizing in women during the different phases of their menstrual cycle and whether there is a difference in pain catastrophizing depending on the history of childbirth and dysmenorrhea. A prospective study was conducted among 149 healthy women aged 18-35, with a regular menstrual cycle, 80 of which were nulliparous. The participants filled a sociodemographic questionnaire at the enrollment and the Pain Catastrophizing Scale on the 1st, 12th, and 20th day of the menstrual cycle. Pain catastrophizing scores, including all the subscales, significantly varied throughout the menstrual cycle, being highest on the first day of menstrual cycle and declining subsequently. Pain catastrophizing scores were higher in nulliparous than in parous women. Higher pain catastrophizing scores on the first day of the menstrual cycle were found in dysmehorrhoic women and women who regularly use analgesics for dysmenorrhea. Knowing that pain catastrophizing varies throughout the menstrual cycle may help in creating interventions for pain prevention and treatment in cycling women.