This article examines various efficiency and equity aspects related to the skill acquisition of young people and older adults. The analysis suggests that human capital investment is associated with significant labour-market gains for individuals, including higher post-tax earnings and better employment prospects, which exceed the investment costs, mainly foregone earnings and tuition fees, by a significant margin. It also shows that the net benefits are strongly influenced by policy related factors, such as study length, tuition subsidies and student support. Overall, the estimates reported in the article indicate that there are strong incentives for the average student to continue studying beyond the compulsory schooling age, and also point to the benefits of such investment in education for society as a whole. However, the net gains fall with age, mainly reflecting a shorter period to take advantage of the benefits that come with education. Finally, the article notes that students in higher education tend to come from more affluent backgrounds and that they benefit from large public subsidies, whereas young people from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to participate in tertiary education and thus benefit from public subsidies.
74461 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origineComplete document available on OLIS in its original format ECO/WKP(98)15 2 ABSTRACT/RÉSUMÉThis paper examines the main determinants of the decision to retire from the labour market in OECD countries, and in particular the role of social security systems in driving down the labour-force participation rate of older people in recent decades. It demonstrates that old-age pension systems in virtually all OECD countries in the mid-1990s made it financially unattractive to work after the age of 55, and the implicit tax on continued work has risen strongly since the 1960s in most countries. Financial disincentives to continued work have been amplified by various de facto early-retirement programmes, including unemployment-related and disability schemes. Pooled cross-country time-series regressions show that increased disincentives to work at older ages have contributed significantly to the drop in labour-force participation rates of older males, but also demonstrate that the deterioration of labourmarket conditions in many countries has played a significant role as well. ***** Cet article examine les principaux déterminants de la décision de quitter le marché du travail, dans certains pays de l'OCDE, et en particulier le rôle des systèmes de sécurité sociale dans la diminution du taux d'activité des personnes âgées dans les dernières décennies. Il démontre que dans quasiment tous les pays de l'OCDE au milieu des années 90, les systèmes d'assurance-vieillesse ont rendu financièrement peu attrayant le fait de travailler après 55 ans, et que l'impôt implicite sur la poursuite de l'activité a fortement crû depuis les années 60 dans la plupart des pays. Les contre-incitations financières à la poursuite du travail ont été amplifiés par divers programmes de retraite anticipée, parmi lesquels des systèmes liés au chômage et à l'invalidité. Les régressions des séries chronologiques transversales regroupées montrent que des contre-incitations accrues à travailler à un âge tardif ont significativement contribué à la baisse du taux d'activité des hommes âgés, mais démontrait également le rôle joué simultanément par la détérioration de la situation du marché du travail dans de nombreux pays.
This paper reviews the role of house prices in influencing private consumption and residential investment in OECD countries. Deregulation of the mortgage markets in most OECD countries since the 1970s has made it easier for households to borrow for current consumption on the basis of their housing wealth, and the easing of borrowing constraints has often been accompanied by sizeable withdrawal of housing equity. The analysis presented in the paper and a review of existing empirical work for the major OECD countries suggest that house prices have a significant positive impact on private consumption through wealth effects and/or an easing of liquidity constraints. House prices also influence the profitability of house building, and in many countries there is a close association between profitability of house construction and private residential investment. A corollary of these results is that residential property prices can be useful indicators of demand pressures in the economy ... Ce document examine dans quelle mesure les prix des logements influencent la consommation privée et l’investissement résidentiel dans les pays de l’OCDE. Depuis les années 1970, la déréglementation des marchés hypothécaires dans de nombreux pays de l’OCDE a allégé les contraintes visant les emprunts des ménages pour la consommation courante en fonction de leur situation de patrimoine. L’accès élargi des ménages au crédit a souvent été accompagné de prélèvements massifs sur la valeur immobilière. De l’analyse présentée dans cette étude et de la description des travaux empiriques existant pour les principaux pays de l’OCDE, il ressort une incidence significative et positive des prix des logements sur la consommation privée à travers des effets de richesse et/ou par suite d’un assouplissement des contraintes de liquidité. Les prix immobiliers influencent aussi la rentabilité de la construction de logements et dans plusieurs pays, il existe un lien étroit entre l’indicateur de ...consumption, wealth, house prices, richesse, consommation, prix des logements
JT00129531 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format ECO/WKP(2002)19 Unclassified English text only ECO/WKP(2002)19 2 ABSTRACT/RÉSUMÉ Investment in human capital through post-compulsory education and trainingThis paper examines various efficiency and equity aspects related to the skill acquisition of young people and older adults. The analysis suggests that such human capital investment is associated with significant labour-market gains for individuals, including higher post-tax earnings and better employment prospects, which exceed the investment costs, mainly foregone earnings and tuition fees, by a significant margin. It also shows that the net benefits are strongly influenced by policy-related factors, such as study length, tuition subsidies and student support. Overall, the estimates reported in the paper indicate that there are strong incentives for the average student to continue studying beyond the compulsory schooling age, and also point to the benefits of such investment in education for society as a whole. However, the net gains fall with age, mainly reflecting a shorter period to take advantage of the benefits that come with education. Finally the paper notes that students in higher education tend to come from more affluent backgrounds and that they benefit from large public subsidies, whereas young people from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to participate in tertiary education and thus benefit from public subsidies.JEL classification: I21, I22, I28, D63 Investissement en capital humain au travers de l'éducation et la formation post-obligatoiresLe présent document porte sur divers aspects de l'équité et de l'efficience qui sont liés à l'acquisition de qualifications par les jeunes et les adultes relativement âgés. L'analyse donne à penser que ce type d'investissement dans le capital humain procure aux personnes d'importants avantages sur le marché du travail, notamment des gains, après impôt, plus élevés et de meilleures perspectives d'emploi, avantages qui compensent largement le coût des investissements, c'est à dire, principalement, le manque à gagner et les frais d'études. Il ressort également de cette analyse que les avantages nets varient considérablement sous l'effet de facteurs liés à l'action des pouvoirs publics, tels que la durée de la scolarisation, les allocations d'études, et le soutien apporté aux élèves. Globalement, les estimations indiquées dans le rapport montrent que l'élève moyen serait fortement incité à poursuivre ses études audelà de l'âge de l'obligation scolaire et elles mettent également en évidence les avantages que cet investissement dans l'éducation procure à la société dans son ensemble. Toutefois, les gains nets sont d'autant plus faibles que l'étudiant est âgé, ce qui tient surtout au fait que les avantages découlant de la formation s'étalent sur une plus courte durée. Enfin, il est signalé dans le document que les élèves fréquentant l'enseignement supérieur appartiennent en géné...
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