The article provides a review of literature data on approaches to the ambient air pollution assessment in the areas where enterprises - sources of odour are located. According to the analysis, international practice in the field of odour management in the atmosphere includes a variety of methods of the odour impact assessing. The considered approaches, both predictive and observational (empirical), have their advantages and disadvantages. Thus, atmospheric dispersion modelling is a very valuable predictive tool and plays an important role in assessing ambient odours. However, the models, although based on rigorous quantitative calculations, are a simplification of the real situation. The accuracy of this method is significantly reduced in cases of unpredictable, unplanned or accidental releases. An easier-to-use tool is a qualitative (descriptive) risk-based odour assessment (source-pathway-receptor concept). Empirical approaches (field olfactometry, sniff tests) make it possible to assess odour exposure in given real conditions, while more objective assessment requires long-term studies. The use of instrumental methods is limited by the fact that odours in the air are mainly due to complex multicomponent mixtures of substances with an unknown nature of the combined action, with levels below the detection limits, etc. When developing an odour assessment strategy, it is necessary to select the tools that are most appropriate in each case. According to many authors, to improve the quality and reliability of this assessment in areas where enterprises and other facilities are located, it is advisable to use all available empirical approaches together with modelling, in combination with community surveys and other methods of analyzing the health status of the population. The data obtained as a result of such a comprehensive assessment will make it possible to substantiate measures to reduce air pollution by odorous substances. The literature search was carried out in the English-language text databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and in the scientific electronic library eLIBRARY.ru. (RSCI)

The article contains a literature review devoted to research on the influence of odours on physiological, emotional, and cognitive aspects of human health. The following databases were used at literature search execution: Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Global Health, Russian Research Citation Index. A total amount of 60 sources was analyzed for 1983-2019. The experimental research results aimed at studying the influence of odours on such physiological indices a: heart rate, heart rate variability, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, skin conductibility reaction, sleep, are described, and emotional and cognitive characteristics of the test subjects. The response to odours exposure was shown to depend on their intensity, hedonistic tone, the chemical structure of the odorant, as well as individual peculiarities of the test subjects, including their past experiences with smelling. In most cases, exposure to unpleasant odours activates the sympathetic nervous system, therefore heart rate, respiratory rate, skin blood circulation and its conductivity increase. Attention concentration increases at the deterioration of cognitive functions. Anger and repulsion reactions are noted at the emotional level; a feeling of discomfort with a motivation to escape appears. The exposure of pleasant odours leads to parasympathetic nervous system activation, heart rate, respiratory rate, skin conductibility, and blood circulation decrease. Cognitive functions improve, the quality of problem-solving increases, attention concentration decreases. A person’s mood gets better; the sensation of happiness appears. At that literature analysis has revealed most of the studies on the human to have significant restrictions: standard exposure methods absence, the difficulty of execution blind experiments that were deemed to be ignorant by test subjects as well as the influence of individual preferences and previous personal experience on the effects generated by the odour. The authors proposed recommendations on the current restrictions prevention and optimization of conducting the experimental research on the influence of odours on humans.

Introduction. In large cities an assessment of the impact of environmental risk factors in addition to the levels of air pollution on the morbidity of the population and the medical and demographic situation should take into account the influence of the socio-economic living conditions of the population, both availability and quality of medical care. The purpose of the work is to conduct a comparative analysis, assess the informativeness of indicators of air quality, socio-economic living conditions of the population, the availability of medical care, and identify the priority of these factors in large industrial cities of different regions of Russia. Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of indicators of the ecological situation, socio-economic conditions of living and the availability of medical care to the population in large industrial cities for the period 2008-2018 was carried out according to official statistics. Results. The criterion for choosing cities for the analysis was the population size. Large industrial cities of four Federal districts were selected as objects of research: Central (Central Federal District), Volga (Volga Federal District), Ural (Ural Federal District) and Siberian (Siberian Federal District). The main source of anthropogenic load in the Central Federal District in 50.0% of cities included in the analysis is motor transport, in 25.0% - stationary, in 25.0% the contributions of sources are comparable; in the Volga Federal District in 100.0% of cities - mobile sources; in the Ural Federal District, 50% of cities have stationary sources and 50% have mobile sources. In the Siberian Federal District, in 62.5% of the cities included in the analysis, stationary sources make the main contribution to the anthropogenic load. In cities with a population of 0.5-1 million people, the ratio of monetary income to the subsistence level and the number of doctors per 10,000 population is higher than in cities with population of 250-500 thousand. Limitations. Limited access to quantitative data and time periods. Conclusions. The indicator of anthropogenic load per inhabitant is an informative indicator of the direct impact of atmospheric air pollution on the health of the population in large cities. The ratio of the average per capita income to the subsistence minimum most objectively characterizes the level of material well-being of the population in regions with different levels of economic development. The number of doctors per 10,000 people is an indicator of the inequality of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in terms of the level of medical provision and the availability of medical care.