The article deals with the issue of developing the secondary (Englishspeaking) language personality of English-major Ukrainian university students who have chosen the professions of teachers of English, translators, and interpreters. Only the development of such a personality, consisting of the language, communicative, and cultural constituents, can provide for learners' achievement of the native-like proficiency in all aspects of communication in English, that proficiency being the goal of learning English for English-major students. The paper analyzes the essence of the notion "secondary language personality," the constituent parts of that personality, and the components of its leading, cultural, constituent that includes communicative etiquettes and communicative behavioral patterns different for different (national) speech communities. The characteristics of communicative etiquettes and communicative behavioral patterns are also analyzed in

GENDER EQUALITY AS A MODERN PHENOMENONPurpose of the work. Forming the axiological system of Western society, with the intentions to establish gender equality as a guarantee of a just society being taken into account, on the one hand, and preserving the traditional gender stereotypes inherent to patriarchal gender roles in a considerable part of the world, on the other hand, is actualizing the study of the factors that have contributed to realizing the problem of gender inequality and discrimination. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to highlight the factors that stipulated the awareness of gender equality in European social and cultural space, while leaving alive the traditional gender values in a number of other cultural environments. Methodology of the study is determined by interdisciplinary approach involving the use of general scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, generalization, etc. The leading role belonged to the principle of the historical and logical unity. At the same time the study applies the basic principles of philosophical hermeneutics and the contextual analysis method. Originality lies in putting forward the new theoretical statements aimed to show that in the ancient and premodern society, gender inequality and discrimination did not exist, because at that time gender relations were considered either as a result of the biological characteristics of a human body, or were explained by worldview ideas about the origin and structural features of the world, prevailing in a specific historical dimension. Consequently, gender roles were taken for granted and were not subject to any doubt. Conclusions. Despite all the worldview shifts that had been taking place in the pre-modern era social outlook, nevertheless, as history has shown, they failed to generate sufficient philosophical foundations either for recognizing the equality of women, or changing their social, legal and political status. This led to accumulating the unconscious internal resistance to dominant social standards, which was expressed primarily in behavioural arbitrariness that, whatsoever had not been acquiring any openness by the beginning of industrialization. The latter, having destroyed rural communities with their inherent division of labour and lifestyle, which eventually weakened significantly the mythological social structures, has opened an opportunity not only to understand but also to commence the fight for the recognition of gender equality.

No abstract

The aim: The article is devoted to uncovering the essence of the trauma, identifying the cause of its formation, and investigating the consequences for the person and the community. Materials and methods: The methodological basis of the given study is the interdisciplinary and hermeneutic approach, which was used in combination with the methods of retrospective, analysis, synthesis, and extrapolation, as well as the methodological apparatus of memory studies with its inherent intention of the problem of group identity formation. A prominent place in the process of writing the work played the method of critical literature review. Sources reflecting research on individual and collective dimensions of trauma were found in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Research articles were found using the keywords “trauma”, “traumatic experience”, “victim”, “violence”, “collective trauma”, “cultural trauma”, “memory”, etc. Conclusions: Modern studies of traumatic experience are inextricably linked with the scientific work of Sigmund Freud, who was one of the first to explicate trauma as a destroyer of “protection”. This gave reason to modern researchers to consider it an emotional reaction of the psyche to mental, physical, or cultural violence directed against the identity of an individual or an entire community. Whether inflicted on an individual or a community as a whole, trauma invariably seeks testimony in order to produce meanings and mechanisms capable of preventing violence and preserving the mental health of both the individual and the community as a whole.

Purpose. Mechanization and computerization of modern society causes dramatic changes in the forms and methods of teaching. Their uniqueness lies in bringing computer technology and the Internet for education, causing formation of extreme polar social assessments of their impact on the harmonious development of children and adolescents, on possibility of self-actualization of natural potentials of teenagers whose minds are often on the brink of real and virtual worlds. Methodology is caused by interdisciplinary approach, involving not only the use of scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis and generalization, but also the methods of comparative analysis and analogies which were used to solve specific research problems related to the study of influence of computer technology and created through it virtual reality on self-actualization of teenagers. Originality lays in the explication of conceptual philosophical core to study the impact of virtual reality on self-actualization of teenagers and to prove possibility of differentiation of such concepts as "actualization" and "self-actualization" for the study of specific features of teenagers’ development. Such the approach provides a theoretical justification of major conflicts of personality development in adolescence and clearly demonstrates the threats that virtual reality brings to the process of person formation and development of mankind. Conclusions. Due to high levels of emotional stress in teenagers’ worldview, there is no evidence to suggest that they are at the level of self-actualization. The latter is possible only in the case of organic inclusion of adolescents in real socio-cultural processes, while their simulation in the virtual world can lead to inhibition of personality development.