No abstract

A systematic lab-scale experimental investigation is reported for the external nitrification (EN) biological nutrient removal (BNR) activated sludge (ENBNRAS) system, which is a combined fixed and suspended medium system. The ENBNRAS system was proposed to intensify the treatment capacity of BNR-activated sludge (BNRAS) systems by addressing two difficulties often encountered in practice: (a) the long sludge age for nitrification requirement; and (b) sludge bulking. In the ENBNRAS system, nitrification is transferred from the aerobic reactor in the suspended medium activated sludge system to a fixed medium nitrification system. Thus, the sludge age of the suspended medium activated sludge system can be reduced from 20 to 25 days to 8 to 10 days, resulting in a decrease in reactor volume per ML wastewater treated of about 30%. Furthermore, the aerobic mass fraction can also be reduced from 50% to 60% to <30% and concommitantly the anoxic mass fraction can be increased from 25% to 35% to >55% (if the anaerobic mass fraction is 15%), and thus complete denitrification in the anoxic reactors becomes possible. Research indicates that both the short sludge age and complete denitrification could ameliorate anoxic aerobic (AA) or low food/microorganism (F/M) ratio filamentous bulking, and hence reduce the surface area of secondary settling tanks or increase the treatment capacity of existing systems. The lab-scale experimental investigations indicate that the ENBNRAS system can obtain: (i) very good chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, even with an aerobic mass fraction as low as 20%; (ii) high nitrogen removal, even for a wastewater with a high total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)/COD ratio, up to 0.14; (iii) adequate settling sludge (diluted sludge volume index [DSVI] <100 mL/g); and (iv) a significant reduction in oxygen demand.

A steady state model for anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge is developed that comprises three sequential parts-a kinetic part from which the % COD removal and methane production are determined for a given retention time; a stoichiometry part from which the gas composition (or partial pressure of CO 2), ammonia released and alkalinity generated are calculated from the %COD removal; and a carbonate system weak acid/base chemistry part from which the digester pH is calculated from the partial pressure of CO 2 and alkalinity generated. From the stoichiometry and weak acid base chemistry parts of the model, for a given % COD removal, the digester gas composition, ammonia released, alkalinity generated and digester pH are completely defined by the influent sludge composition, i.e. X, Y, Z and A in C X H Y O Z N A of the hydrolysable organics; volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration; and pH. For the kinetic part of the model, four hydrolysis kinetic equations were calibrated against 7 to 60 d retention time anaerobic digesters treating two different sewage sludge types, viz. first order; first order specific; Monod; and saturation. Once calibrated against the two sludge type data sets and taking into account experimental error in effluent COD concentration and gas production (i.e. COD mass balance error), each of the four hydrolysis kinetic equations predicted the % COD removal versus retention time equally well, and predicted COD removal and methane production compared well with measured data. For the different sewage sludge types, viz. a primary and humus sludge mixture from a trickling filter plant, and a "pure" primary sludge, different kinetic rate constants were obtained indicating that the "pure" primary sludge hydrolysed faster and had a lower unbiodegradable particulate COD fraction (f PS'up = 0.33) than the primary and humus sludge mixture (0.36). With the %COD removal known from the hydrolysis part of the model, and again taking experimental error into account (i.e. C and N mass balances error), the stoichiometry and weak acid base chemistry parts of the model predicted the gas composition, effluent free and saline ammonia (FSA) concentration, alkalinity generated and digester pH well for a primary and humus sludge composition of C 3.5 H 7 O 2 N 0.196. From independent measurement of primary sludge CHON composition, this model estimated composition is within 96%, 100%, 95% and 99% of the average measured composition of C 3.65 H 7 O 1.97 N 0.190 lending strong support to the developed steady state model.