Melatonin is a chronobiotic hormone, which can regulate human diseases like cancer, atherosclerosis, respiratory disorders, and microbial infections by regulating redox system. Melatonin exhibits innate immunomodulation by communicating with immune system and influencing neutrophils to fight infections and inflammation. However, sustaining redox homeostasis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in neutrophils are critical during chemotaxis, oxidative burst, phagocytosis, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. Therefore, endogenous antioxidant glutathione (GSH) redox cycle is highly vital in regulating neutrophil functions. Reduced intracellular GSH levels and glutathione reductase (GR) activity in the neutrophils during clinical conditions like autoimmune disorders, neurological disorders, diabetes, and microbial infections lead to dysfunctional neutrophils. Therefore, we hypothesized that redox modulators like melatonin can protect neutrophil health and functions under GSH and GR activity–deficient conditions. We demonstrate the dual role of melatonin, wherein it protects neutrophils from oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis by reducing ROS generation; in contrast, it restores neutrophil functions like phagocytosis, degranulation, and NETosis in GSH and GR activity–deficient neutrophils by regulating ROS levels both in vitro and in vivo. Melatonin mitigates LPS‐induced neutrophil dysfunctions by rejuvenating GSH redox system, specifically GR activity by acting as a parallel redox system. Our results indicate that melatonin could be a potential auxiliary therapy to treat immune dysfunction and microbial infections, including virus, under chronic disease conditions by restoring neutrophil functions. Further, melatonin could be a promising immune system booster to fight unprecedented pandemics like the current COVID‐19. However, further studies are indispensable to address the clinical usage of melatonin.

Condensed-bicyclic triazolo-thiadiazoles were synthesized via an efficient “green” catalyst strategy and identified as effective inhibitors of PTP1B in vitro. The lead compound, 6-(2-benzylphenyl)-3-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[3][1,3,4]thiadiazole (BPTT) was most effective against human hepatoma cells, inhibits cell invasion, and decreases neovasculature in HUVEC and also tumor volume in EAT mouse models. This report describes an experimentally unidentified class of condensed-bicyclic triazolo-thiadiazoles targeting PTP1B and its analogs could be the therapeutic drug-seeds.

The products of arachidonic acid metabolism by lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) significantly contribute to inflammation and carcinogenesis. Particularly, overproduction of leukotrienes and prostaglandins contribute to tumor growth by inducing formation of new blood vessels that sustain tumor cell viability and growth. Hence, search for novel anticancer drug via inhibition of LOX and COX enzymes constitutes an impressive strategy till date. In this context, a series of isoxazole derivatives were synthesized and screened for their anti-inflammatory activity via LOX and COX inhibition. Among these, 3-(3-methylthiophen-2-yl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)isoxazole (2b) showed significant inhibitory activity toward LOX and COX-2. Additionally, 2b showed a good inhibition of tumor growth, peritoneal angiogenesis, and ascite formation in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell mouse model. Further, the in silico molecular studies also revealed that the compound 2b binds to the catalytic domain of LOX and COX-1 and COX-2 strongly with high atomic contact energy (ACE) score compared to standard drug. These initial pharmacological data support the fact that the compound 2b serves as the basis in developing anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents.

Thrombocytopenia is a serious issue connected with the pathogenesis of several human diseases including chronic inflammation, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and other oxidative stress-associated pathologies. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and other biological drugs are reported to result in thrombocytopenia, which is often neglected during the treatment regime. In addition, augmented oxidative stress induced by drugs and pathological conditions has also been shown to induce thrombocytopenia, which seems to be the most obvious consequence of elevated rate of platelet apoptosis. Thus, blocking oxidative stress-induced platelet apoptosis would be of prime importance in order to negotiate thrombocytopenia and associated human pathologies. The current study presents the synthesis and platelet protective nature of novel ibuprofen derivatives. The potent anti-oxidant ibuprofen derivative 4f was selected for the study and the platelet protective efficacy and platelet aggregation inhibitory property has been demonstrated. The compound 4f dose dependently mitigates the oxidative stress-induced platelet apoptosis in both platelet rich plasma and washed platelets. The platelet protective nature of compound 4f was determined by assessing various apoptotic markers such as ROS generation, cytosolic Ca2+ levels, PS externalization, cytochrome C translocation, Caspase activation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, cytotoxicity, LDH leakage and tyrosine phosphorylation of cytosolic proteins. Furthermore, compound 4f dose dependently ameliorated agonist induced platelet aggregation. Therefore, compound 4f can be estimated as a potential candidate in the treatment regime of pathological disorders associated with platelet activation and apoptosis. In addition, compound 4f can be used as an auxiliary therapeutic agent in pathologies associated with thrombocytopenia.

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