Cet article traite des migrations transnationales temporaires pratiquées par les classes moyennes roumaines. Le texte décrit comment, dans le contexte de la « transition » post-socialiste qui semble ne pas aboutir, les migrations momentanées de travail vers des pays riches apparaissent, à côté d'autres tendances migratoires, notamment pendulaires ou liées au « commerce de ma valise », comme une stratégie particulière d'adaptation à la crise. S'appuyant sur différentes études statistiques, l'auteur constate que ce recours est de plus en plus usité par les jeunes citadins diplômés. En se basant sur une enquête menée auprès de ce public dans une ville moyenne proche de Bucarest, l'analyse se focalise ensuite sur la constitution des réseaux nécessaires à la mise en oeuvre de ces mouvements informels à travers l'Europe. Elle montre alors qu'au-delà d'un projet initial ponctuel et exceptionnel, la migration tend à devenir, pour des individus possédant un capital social transnational de plus en plus vaste, une occupation à plein temps. La dernière partie de l'article examine la position sociale de ces migrants en Roumanie. Partageant leur existence entre une installation confortable sur place et une succession de « stages » de labeur à l'étranger, ils adoptent dans leur ville d'origine, un comportement et des pratiques spécifiques à leur condition ascendante, dessinant ainsi les contours d'une nouvelle catégorie sociale.
Drawing on qualitative fieldwork conducted between 1998 and 2003 on Romanian economic migrants, this paper proposes an analysis of the role of temporary migration within the transition process in Romania. This article first addresses the national context from which these migrations emerged, considering the hypothesis that this transnational activity is merely a new form of the numerous survival strategies used by Romanians to resist to the economic depression which has ensued since the 1989 Revolution. Furthermore, we postulate that these new economic strategies are the prolongation and modernization of informal activities developed during communist times. We suggest, in a second section, that migrations may play in favour of the transition process. Although Romanian migrations have long been considered a problem in terms of the process of EU accession, Romanian migrants participate in many ways in the economic restructuring of their homeland. We shall show that by investing remittances in Romania and developing transnational culture and networks, they actually accelerate the transformations of the country toward European lifestyles and standards.
Quand la France recrute en Pologne. Réseaux transnationaux et maind'oeuvre agricole par Bénédicte MICHALON et Swanie POTOT | Editions de l'EHESS | Études rurales
Since the Iron Curtain came down, the European continent has become, as it used to be, a vast space of exchange in which human migrations take diverse forms, from more or less permanent emigration to a variety of short-term movements, such as study programs or seasonal jobs (Okólski 2001). The kind of migration this text deals with consists of constant mobility, between the native country and several places abroad where migrants work on a temporary basis. This began at the beginning of the nineties and demonstrates how middleclass people from eastern European countries have played a role, without waiting for international agreements, in the construction of a large transnational space across Europe.
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