The technique of flapless, glueless, and sutureless scleral fixation of a three-piece IOL has shown significant improvement in visual acuity and does not cause significant complications postoperatively. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017;54(6):381-386.].

Context:Epilepsy is one of the common neurological disorders worldwide. Fundamentally, there are two types of epilepsy—primary generalized epilepsy and localization-related epilepsy. Partial seizures account for about 40% of childhood seizures in some series and can be classified as simple or complex.[1] Partial seizures, more so the complex partial seizures (CPSs), are presumed to have a structural etiology.Aims:(1) To study the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain findings in CPSs in children aged 1–18 years. (2) To identify treatable causes of CPSs based on MRI findings and institute appropriate treatment.Statistical Analysis:Statistical analysis was performed using percentages and proportions.Methods:Hospital based prospective study in which MRI brain was done on all newly diagnosed children with complex partial seizures, aged 1 to 18 yrs, during the study period. Final diagnosis was made correlating clinical features, radiological features and other supportive evidences, and appropriate treatment instituted. Follow up of cases was done until the completion of treatment (maximum 6 months).Results:Among the 64 children who were clinically diagnosed to have CPSs and subjected to MRI study of the brain, 40(62.5%) children were detected to have structural lesions, of which neurocysticercosis (NCC) was noted in 17 (42.5%), tuberculoma in 12 (30%), hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in 6 (15%), gliosis in 4 (10%), and tumor in 1 (2.5%) patient. Sixty-two (96.8%) children were treated medically, and 2 (3.2%) children underwent surgery.Conclusions:Etiology of CPS based on MRI findings showed a substantial number of medically- and surgically-treatable pathologies. This study done on South Indian children showed neuro infections to be the most common cause of CPS, followed by HS, with NCC being the most common lesion noted. MRI not only identifies specific epileptogenic substrates, but also determines the specific treatment and predicts prognosis and should be the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of CPS.

Background: H1N1 influenza pandemic began in Mexico in 2009 and soon spread to the other parts of the globe. The 2009 H1N1 virus contained a unique combination of gene segments that had not previously been identified in humans or animals. Objective: To study the clinical and epidemiological profile and outcome of H1N1 influenza among children admitted to pediatric ward and intensive care unit. Materials and Methods: Prospective data of 82 children with suspected influenza illness were collected, and throat swabs sentfor reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction testing for H1N1. Epidemiological characteristics were analyzed in terms of clinical presentation and outcome. Results: Of the total 82 children with suspected influenza, majority (56.09%) were males, and majority (51.2%) were in the age group of 1-5 years. Throat swab was positive for H1N1 isolate in 22 (26.8%) cases. Clinically, all of them had flu-like illness. All 22 (100%) confirmed H1N1 cases had fever, 21 (95.4%) had cough, 18 (81.8%) had breathlessness, and 15 (68.1%)had running nose. 18 (81.8%) had chest X-ray abnormalities. 1 (4.5%) required mechanical ventilation and 1 (4.5%) succumbed to the illness. Conclusion: Fever, cough, breathlessness, and chest X-ray abnormalities were the most common presentation. A high index of suspicion of swine flu, during epidemics, and early treatment will lessen the mortality rates.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of prophylaxis with coagulation factor concentrates VIII/IX (FVII/IX) in children with severe hemophilia A/B, respectively. Materials and Methods: Retrospective observational study was done on children enrolled in our hemophilia clinic, who initially received “on demand” therapy and were on prophylaxis with factor VIII/IX concentrate at the time of the study. The study group consisted of 8 children. Annual hemarthrosis rate (AHR) over a period of 1-year during on demand therapy was compared with AHR during a period of 1-year on prophylaxis with FVIII/IX. Results: There was reduction in AHR by 87% in hemophilia A and 85% in hemophilia B during prophylaxis compared to on demand therapy. There was a significant reduction in hemarthrosis/patient/year from 2.5 to 0.3 on prophylaxis with factor concentrate compared to on demand therapy. There was also reduction in other bleeding manifestation like psoas muscle bleed, oral bleeds, epistaxis, and number of target joints involved. Conclusion: Prophylaxis with coagulation factor concentrate significantly reduces the AHR, and hence, decreases the disability associated with it compared to “on demand” therapy.

Congenital and developmental cataracts are leading causes of childhood blindness therefore early diagnosis, management and follow-up are essential. All neonates should be screened by red reflex examination at birth and early surgery should be performed to achieve best visual outcomes. Cataract surgery is just the starting point of a long journey.