BACKGROUND Clavicle is an important bone concerned with movements of upper limb. It has a shaft and two ends, sternal end and acromial end. Inferior surface of the sternal end presents with an impression called costoclavicular area. The presence of costoclavicular groove for the attachment of costoclavicular ligament was studied in 78 clavicles. The most common type seen was rough and elevated. This area is clinically important for radiologists and orthopaedicians. Aim-To study the attachment of costoclavicular ligament on clavicle. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried on 78 clavicles, out of which 27 were of right side and 51 belonging to left side of unknown age and sex. The impressions for the attachment of costoclavicular ligament were observed. Bones were obtained from the Department of Anatomy, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Deralakatte, Mangalore. The results were tabulated and percentages were calculated. RESULTS Inferior surface of sternal end of clavicle provides attachment for costoclavicular ligament. The impression is well-demarcated from the rest of the bone in most of the cases and invariably oval in outline and showed distinctive types of surface projection. In this study 78 clavicles comprising of 27 right and 51 left were taken and impressions were noticed, i.e. flat and smooth (FS), rough and elevated (RE), depressed and rough (DR), flat and rough (FR) and no impression. We found 6 (6.4%) flat and smooth (FS), 38 (48.7%) rough and elevated (RE), 23 (29.5%) depressed and rough (DR) and 6 (6.4%) flat and rough (FR) impressions on the clavicle. Out of 78 clavicles, 5 of them had no impressions. CONCLUSION The most common type of pattern of attachment of costoclavicular area on the clavicle is rough and elevated. The knowledge of morphological variation of costoclavicular impression area is clinically useful for radiologists and orthopaedicians.

Medicinal plants may serve as a vital source of potentially useful new compounds for the development of effective therapy to combat a variety of liver problems. Many herbs have been proven to be effectual as hepatoprotective agents while many more are claimed to be hepatoprotective but lack any such scientific evidence to support such claims. Developing a satisfactory herbal therapy to treat severe liver diseases requires systematic investigation of properties like anti-hepatotoxicity (antioxidants), stimulation of liver regeneration and choleretic activity. Formulation of herbal medicines with standards of safety and efficacy can revitalize treatment of liver disorders. The aim of this review is to elucidate the list of hepatoprotective medicinal plants, which are scientifically proved during jan-dec 2011.

BACKGROUND Pterion is a H-shaped sutural convergence seen in the Norma Lateralis of skull. After 2-3 months of birth, the anterolateral fontanelle in the neonatal skulls close to form the pterion. It is the meeting point of four bones sphenoid, parietal, temporal and frontal. Four types have been noted-spheno-parietal, fronto-temporal, epipteric and stellate. Pterional approach is commonly undertaken in surgical management of tumours involving inferior aspects of frontal lobe, like olfactory meningiomas, orbital, retro-orbital, sellar, chiasmatic, subfrontal, prepontine areas, anterior circulation and basilar artery aneurysm. The knowledge regarding the various shapes and distances from different points to pterion (distance of centre of pterion was calculated from mid-point of superior margin of zygomatic arch (PZA), Frontozygomatic suture (PFZ), tip of the mastoid process (PMP), and anterosuperior margin of external acoustic meatus (PEAM)) is useful for treating number of pathologies in brain. So, this is also useful for neurosurgeons, anatomists, anthropologists and forensic medicine specialists. In the present study, we have attempted to classify the type of pterion and calculated the distance of centre of pterion from various landmarks and compared the measurements on the right and left side. METHODS This study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, K. S. Hegde Medical Academy, Mangalore. 50 dry human skulls of unknown sex were obtained from the Department of Anatomy and studied. The pterion was observed and classified according to the articulation of bones and the distance of centre of pterion was calculated from mid-point of superior margin of zygomatic arch (PZA), Frontozygomatic suture (PFZ), tip of the mastoid process (PMP), and anterosuperior margin of external acoustic meatus (PEAM). RESULTS The sphenoparietal variety was the commonest (72%) followed by fronto temporal (18 %) and the least common was epipteric (2%). On comparison of measurements of right and left sides, distance of centre of pterion from mid-point of superior margin of zygomatic arch (PZA), Frontozygomatic suture (PFZ), tip of the mastoid process (PMP), and anterosuperior margin of external acoustic meatus (PEAM) did not show any significant difference. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of position of pterion from various landmarks is very important for neurosurgeons as there is a chance of injury to vital structures present beneath the pterion. The knowledge of position of pterion from various landmarks is very important for neurosurgeons as there is a chance of injury to vital structures present beneath pterion. This study is aimed at South Indian population and can be conducted among other populations.

Lifestyle diseases are the burning problem today. The disease-causing lifestyles are Gramya achara, Apatarpana achara and Santarpana achara. The diseases which are caused due to such acharas are called lifestyle diseases. This is usually caused by unhealthy dietary habits and lack of physical exercise, leading to excess generation of Kapha and Medas. When this Kapha and Medas start accumulating in various parts of the body, it leads to Vyadhisankara / Aupasargika roga. Aupasargika roga includes Purvothpanna vyadhi / Purvarupa vyadhi and Upadrava vyadhi. Such type of Aupasargika roga is Urusthambha where the pathology can be divided into Purvarupa and Upadrava. Chikitsa also follows the pathology of the disease. The same has been attempted to capture in the below conceptual study. Keywords: Santarpana achara, Aupasargika roga, Urustambha, Purvarupa Vyadhi, Upadrava vyadhi, Kapha, Meda.

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