Background Diabetes is progressively becoming a vital chronic disease burden worldwide, mainly in developing countries such as India; this necessitates a shift in healthcare priorities and advanced data on the epidemiology and impact of diabetes to help plan and prioritize health programs. We systematically reviewed the literature on diabetes prevalence and its complications in India. Methods This systematic review focuses on diabetes prevalence and complications in India from January 2000 to September 2021. Literature searches were conducted using electronic databases. Results Diabetes prevalence ranged from 2.02% in rural Madhya Pradesh to 40.3% in Tamil Nadu. Diabetes prevalence was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The prevalence of pre-diabetes varied across Indian states ranging from 2.4% in Meghalaya to 47.6% in Delhi. The prevalence of chronic diabetes complications ranged from 4.8–21.7% for retinopathy, 0.9–62.3%% for nephropathy, and 10.5–44.9% for neuropathy. Conclusions Diabetes is a significant and widespread health problem in India. Dissimilarity in the prevalence of diabetes between individual states is observed. Most diabetes patients experience chronic complications of diabetes. Consequently, it is essential to map the urgent preventive approach to reduce the further increase in areas with high prevalence.

According to the World Health Organization, cataract operations are performed on one million people per year [1]. After cataract surgery, however, most patients still experience physiologically severe postoperative ocular inflammation. Uncontrolled intraocular inflammation causes discomfort, delayed recovery, poor visual results, and even more severe problems such as cystoid macular oedema and synechiae due to inflammatory cells and cytokines entering the aqueous humour. Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to treat non-infectious ocular inflammation after ophthalmic surgery. As a result, NSAIDs appear to be potentially useful drugs for cataract surgery. [2] The U.S Food and Drug Administration has approved four ophthalmic NSAIDs to treat postoperative ocular inflammation followed by cataract surgery: bromfenac sodium, diclofenac sodium, Ketorolac tromethamine, and nepafenac.[3] The first approved NSAID for treating anterior chamber inflammation during cataract surgical treatment is bromfenac ophthalmic solution. Bromfenac is a more potent drug than other drugs for treating ocular inflammation. [4] The drug-loaded eye drop is easy to use. However, it has the inherent disadvantage that most medication is almost immediately diluted away in the tear film when the eye drops are introduced into the cul-de-sac and quickly exhausted from the precorneal cavity's constant tear flow. This process occurs more intensively in swollen eyes than in normal eyes and lachrymal-nasal drainage. [5,6] To avoid the previously stated side effects and increase the drug's effectiveness, a novel approach of an ocular insert that increases the drug's contact time in the eye should be chosen, thus improving patient compliance by increasing bioavailability and reducing frequent administration. [7] Ophthalmic inserts are skinny discs of polymeric substances that fit into the upper or lower conjunctiva sac. They have compensations over the conventional dosage forms and possess amplified ocular residence, discharge the drugs at a slow and consistent momentum, are capable of delivering precise dosing, lack preservatives, have augmented shelf life, and reduced systemic incorporation. [8] Our research intended to fabricate bromfenac sodium ocular inserts to amplify the contact time and offer a controlled release model that could advance patient compliance, cut dosing frequency, and attain superior curative usefulness.

Background: This research aimed to ascertain the differences in morphological manifestation in the human diabetic cataractous lens compared to a non-diabetic cataractous lens by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: Lens fibers were prefixed in glutaraldehyde and subsequently post-fixed in a Hexamethyldisilazane and examined by SEM. The SEM images gave a comparative morphological impression of the ongoing structural alterations during the degeneration process of human non-diabetic cataracts and diabetic cataract lenses. Results: Diabetic cataractous lens fibers were identified by more chaotic longitudinal fiber splitting, porosity, and granulation of the lens fiber membrane and opening (distortion) of the lens fiber interdigitation system than their non-cataractous diabetic counterparts. Diabetic cataract lenses showed an increased rate of nucleus compaction compared to non-diabetic cataract lenses. Conclusion: The absence of Finger-like and flap projections and the disappearance of the ball and socket system is prominent in diabetic cataract lenses, suggesting the hyperglycaemic effect in the degeneration of lens fibers and further contributes to the early onset of cataracts in diabetes compared to non-diabetic.

Background and Aim: Diabetes is progressively becoming a vital chronic disease burden worldwide, mainly in developing countries such as India, necessitating a shift in healthcare priorities and advanced data on the epidemiology and impact of diabetes to help plan and prioritize health programs. We systematically reviewed the literature on diabetes prevalence and its complications in India. Methodology: This systematic review focuses on diabetes prevalence and complications in India from January 2000 to September 2021. Literature searches were conducted using electronic databases. Results: Diabetes prevalence ranged from 2.02% in rural Madhya Pradesh to 40.3% in Tamil Nadu. Diabetes prevalence was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The prevalence of prediabetes varied across Indian states ranging from 2.4% in Meghalaya to 47.6% in Delhi. The prevalence of chronic diabetes complications ranged from 4.8% to 21.7% for retinopathy, 0.9% to 62.3% for nephropathy, and 10.5% to 44.9% for neuropathy. Conclusion: Diabetes is a significant and widespread health problem in India. Dissimilarity in the prevalence of diabetes between individual states is observed. Most diabetes patients experience chronic complications of diabetes. Consequently, it is essential to map the urgent preventive approach to reduce the further increase in areas with high prevalence.

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