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Carbon dioxide (CO2) once emitted to the atmosphere, takes centuries for natural removal. Every 4 giga tones of carbon (GtC) emitted to the atmosphere results in a rise of one ppm of CO2 in the atmosphere.  Mangroves growing near the coast play an important role in carbon sequestration by acting as sink for carbon, thereby receiving considerable international attention.  In India Mangroves occupy 4740 sqkm, about 3 % of the world’s mangrove cover. Sundarbans in India is the largest mangrove site in the world, colonized with many threatened animal species. The paper attempts to highlight the Carbon storage in Mangrove living biomass and sediments particularly of South Asian and Indian regions. Reviews suggest that C storage in mangroves at different climatic regions, sites, stands and different depths of soils store more carbon per unit area. All the reviews suggest that mangroves are a globally significant contributor to the carbon cycle.

Seedlings of teak were planted under different salinity levels viz., normal soil (<4 ECe soil), saline soil (4-8 Ece) and highly saline soil (8-12 ECe) and seedlings were inoculated with Azetobactor + vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, Azospirillium + vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and combination of all three. Experiment repeated for two years and data recorded at the end of each experiment on nutrient satus of soil pH, ECe N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, micronutrient (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) and survival per cent of seedlings. Triple inoculation (Azetobactor+Azospirillium+VAM) significantly influenced on the nutrient status of soil and survival per cent of teak seedlings as compared to uninoculated seedlings under salt condition. Which was followed by dual inoculation of Azospirillium and VAM.

Forests have evolved in their natural ecosystems over millennia to become the world’s most important and valuable renewable natural resources. Genetic variety in perspective trees has been defined as Forest Genetic Resources (FGRs). Forest genetic resources directly or indirectly sustain human livelihoods and provide raw materials for various forest-based enterprises. This chapter focuses on the FGRs of the arid and semiarid regions, which have a wide range of land formations, soils, fauna, plants, water balances, and human activities. Cultivating trees that have the potential to generate lucrative non-timber goods is the primary source of revenue in this problematic climatic situation. Arid and semi-arid regions have a diverse gene pool of tree species.  The increased pressure and ongoing desertification threaten the gene pool of tree species in arid and semi-arid environments. These regions' FGRs are not sufficiently documented, and there is no way to access and use them effectively. This paper intends to establish a framework for writing, better understanding, protecting, and understanding the utility of non-timber forest genetic resources (NTFGR) in dry and semi-arid regions. It focuses on arid and semi-arid tree species that have the potential to yield non-timber value, to increase awareness and understanding of Forest Genetic Resources.