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The equatorial peatlands of the Kutai lowland of eastern Kalimantan are generally 4–10 m in thickness but some sections exceed 16 m in depth. The deposition of peat commenced about 8000 yrs ago after shallow flooding of the basin by the Mahakam River. The earliest vegetation is a Pandanus swamp which grades upwards to swamp forest dominated by dipterocarps. The peatland has expanded laterally and rivers have maintained narrow levee-channel tracks through the swamp, which has grown vertically in balance with river accretion. Historical fires are associated with extreme El Niño years of drought, but human agency is important. The fires of 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 burnt up to 85% of the vegetation on the peatland. Although charcoal analyses show that fire has occurred throughout the history of the peatland, it is rare in forests remote from rivers until the last 3000 years and only common within the last millennium. Fires are earlier and more frequent in sites accessible from waterways, and floodplains have been widely burnt down to water table or below, forming extensive lakes.

National character education aims to form a strong, competitive, moral, tolerant nation, mutual cooperation, patriotic spirit, dynamic development, knowledge and technology oriented all of which are inspired by faith and piety to the Almighty God as in aspiring to the Pancasila philosophy. Character education is an important issue in the world of education related to the phenomenon of moral decadence that occurs in the community as well as in an increasingly diverse and diverse government environment. Crime, injustice, corruption, violence against children, violation of human rights, are evidence that there has been a crisis of identity and characteristics of the Indonesian nation. The values of politeness, and religiosity that are upheld and become the culture of the Indonesian nation as long as it seems to be weak and feels foreign along with the entry of global cultural values (global culture of the era), so that it is rarely encountered in the midst of society. Islamic education is a strategic answer in realizing the formation of national character from the family (informal), institutional institutions (formal) and learning groups in the community (non-formal), which is the main capital in the formation of national character.

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Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk memberikan informasi tentang faktorfaktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat pendapatan pedagang kaki lima Kota Tarakan (Study kasus di THM Plaza). Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 97 responden. Variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah Modal (X1), Jam Kerja (X2), dan Lama Usaha (X3). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuesioner dengan wawancara. Data yang diolah menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda dengan menggunakan Uji t, Uji F, serta Uji asumsi klasik.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara simultan modal, jam kerja, dan lama usaha berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pendapatan pedagang kaki lima Kota Tarakan. Hal ini dibuktikan dari nilai F statistik sebesar 3,676 F tabel 2,70 dan nilai signifikan sebesar 0,014. Nilai R2 sebesar 0,106 berarti bahwa 10,6% variabel ini menjelaskan variasi pendapatan pedagang kaki lima di THM Plaza.Sedangkan sisanya sebesar 89,4% diterangkan oleh variabel lain yang tidak terdapat dalam model. Selain itu, secara parsial jam kerja berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan pedagang kaki lima di THM Plaza. Karena t statistik dari variabel jam kerja sebesar 3,214 lebih besar daripada t tabel sebesar 1,985 sedangkan modal dan lama usaha secara parsial tidak berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan pedagang kaki lima di THM Plaza. Karena t hitung dari variabel modal dan lama usaha masingmasing sebesar 0,869 dan (-0,395) lebih kecil daripada t tabel sebesar 1,985.