Chemical constituents of the bark of Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae) was investigated not only to develop further bark utilization but also to understand the biochemical function of the bark in the forest environment. A new phenylpropanoid-substituted catechin, namely, swietemacrophyllanin [(2R*,3S*,7"R*)-catechin-8,7"-7,2"-epoxy-(methyl 4",5"-dihydroxyphenylpropanoate)] (1) was isolated from the bark of S. macrophylla together with two known compounds, catechin (2) and epicatechin (3). The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic data and by comparison of the NMR data with those of catiguanins A and B, phenylpropanoid-substituted epicatechins. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity of the isolated compounds indicated that all of the three compounds have strong activity compared with trolox as a reference. Swietemacrophyllanin (1) had the strongest activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 56 microg mL(-1).

Biofilms are significant hazards in the food industry. The presence of Escherichia coli biofilms in food industry is potentially causing food spoilage that will shorten the shelf life as well as lead to the spread of disease through food. The purpose of this study is to determine the phytochemical compound of aqueous extract of papaya leaves and to determine its activity on inhibition of cell attachment and growth, and on degradation of the biofilm using Micro-titter Plate Biofilm Assay. The results phytochemical test showed that papaya leave extract contains alkaloid, tanin, flavonoid, and steroid and have anti-biofilm activity. Papaya leave extract with highest activity caused biofilm degradation of 48,99%. The optimum temperature of biofilm degradation (>52,5%) by papaya leaves extract was around 35oC - 40oC. The optimum contact time and extract concentration were 57-60 minutes and 75-100%, respectively.

Surian (Toona sinensis) is a forest plant that is widespread in Asia. In Indonesia, this plant only used and known as a commodity for carpentry but in other nation, saurian is known as spices and traditional medicine because of its natural antioxidant potential. The objective of this study was assayed total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, and antioxidant activity from Surian leaves. Surian leaves were extracted by water and ethanol solvent. Water extraction was conducted by reflux in 90 °C then ethanol extraction was conducted by maceration, which is through various concentration 70%, 80%, 90%, and 96% of ethanol. Total phenolic content varied from 276.62 to 444.68 (mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content ranged from 209.23 to 324.61 (mg QE/g). Antioxidant activity of the water and ethanol extracts was evaluated using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil) radical scavenging method. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of ethanol 90% extract and ethanol 96% extract had a higher amount than the other. The ethanol 96% extract had the strongest DPPH inhibition concentration 50% (IC50), which is 3.38 μg/mL while ascorbic acid is 3.90 μg/mL as a comparison. Antioxidant activity had a strong correlation with total flavonoid content.

Gmelina arborea Roxb. is a fast-growing species and is known to have been used in traditional Indian medicine. Chemical constituents from the bark have not been reported, although some chemical constituents from part of this plant (heartwood, leaf, and root) are known. In this study, the bark meal was successively extracted with acetone and methanol. Fractionation of the acetone extract with n-hexane, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate and subsequent chromatographic separation of the fractions led to the isolation of four compounds. The diethyl ether-soluble fraction yielded tyrosol [2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol] (1); (+)-balanophonin (2), an 8-5′ neolignan, with opposite optical rotation to known (−)-balanophonin; and gmelinol (3), a known lignan. The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction afforded a new phenylethanoid glycoside to the best of our knowledge, which was identifi ed as (−)-p-hydroxyphenylethyl[5′″-O-(3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl)-b-D-apiofuranosyl(1′″ → 6′)]-b-D-glucopyranoside (4). From the methanol extract, two known compounds, 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (5) and 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol (6), were isolated and identifi ed. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay of the identifi ed compounds indicated that 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol (6) exhibited moderate activity.

Elfirta RR, Falah S, Andrianto D, Lastini T. 2018. Identification of active compounds and antifungal activity of Toona sinensisleaves fractions against wood rot fungi. Biodiversitas 19: 1313-1318. Inhibitory activities of surian or toon (Toona sinensis) leavesfraction origin Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia against wood rot fungi (Ganoderma boninense IPBCC 10.658, Trametes versicolorInaCC F200, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium IPBCC 93.259) were studied. The samples were macerated using methanol andacetone. The results of brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) showed that the methanol extract had the highest cytotoxicity of LC50 at 29.76μg/mL and inhibit the growth of G. boninense (27.78%), T. versicolor (79.26%) and P. chrysosporium (81.11%). The methanol extractwas then subsequently fractionated using n-hexane, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate respectively. The diethyl ether fraction was found tohave the highest inhibitory activity against T. versicolor (46.30%) and P. chrysosporium (81.11%). This fraction was further separatedusing column chromatography and analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), which gave six fractions. Antifungal test exhibitedthat fraction 5 had the highest antifungal properties against T. versicolor (74.07%) and P. chrysosporium (80.37%). Inhibition of P.chrysosporium resulted in abnormal growth of hyphae morphology as indicated by changes in its growth direction and excessive hyphaebranching. Additionally, the results of LC-MS/MS experiment indicated toon leaves fraction 5 which contains N-[2- (DGlucopyranosyloxy)ethyl]-2-hydroxy-N-[2hydroxy3 (octadecyloxy) propyl] butanamide dan Brucine compounds that were regarded as theantifungal compounds.