In a sewage system, congealed mass is created by mixing non-biodegradable solid matter with fat, oil and grease. Congealed mass might cause a sewer blockage and overflow. This issue may impose a risk to public health and environment. It also leads to increased operational and maintenance costs of sewer system. A robust and durable sensor system are required to monitor the sewer network blockage which could cause a fluctuation in the data. CCD tomography approach will be used to detect the congealed mass forming in sewer network at early stage. The main concept of CCD tomography approach is to analyze the structure and composition of congealed mass by examining the light intensity after penetrated. Therefore, the location and size of the sewer blockage can be predicted. Light reflection from the congealed mass will strikes onto CCD surfaces. This light source will be converted into an electrical signal which is in voltage output value. Filtered images of Linear Back Projection (LBP) algorithm will be applied to reconstruct the image and identify the characteristic of congealed mass either fat, oil or grease. The location and the size of the congealed mass forming also can be identified using this CCD tomography approach.

This research discusses an application of Couple-Charge Device (CCD) linear sensor and laser diode in an optical tomography (OPT) system. Tomography is a system that could capture a cross-sectional image based on sensor data scattered across the periphery of the examining device in the non-invasive and non-intrusive framework. This project focuses on quantifying the level of object transparency based on CCD and mathematical modelling assessment. The objective of this project is to investigate the light refraction, reflection and absorption effect on object transparency. The study will include a discussion on the light parameters and its mathematical expression. The voltage output measured by CCD defines the degree of intensity of light obtained after penetrating through different object transparency. In conclusion, this research has successfully proved the potential of CCD in OPT configuration to detect different size diameters of a targeted transparent object, which is an air bubble in non-flowing crystal-clear liquid.

Due to its vast number of suitable applications, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) has been one of the emerging and rapidly-developed technologies in modern life. Its applications can be integrated and deployed in numerous sectors, for instance the automobile, home appliances, medical and industrial sectors. This field has seen immense development and research taking place, including the architecture model, security, communications mode, control systems model and also signal processing. CPS plays an important role in Industrial Revolution 4.0, where it is an integration of urbane network with intelligent production or process system. CPS main objective is to control the global networks with high credibility of data secured.  This paper is basically a review of the CPS architectures, characteristics and its applications in daily basis. This review paper discusses how CPS are implemented in various industries and how it improves the efficiency of a system or application. Additionally, security enhancements in certain aspects of CPS application will also be reviewed and addressed.

Presently, Malaysia is fostering growth in the green energy sector in order to reduce its carbon emissions and contribute in the fight against global warming. Renewable Energy (RE) such as solar cell could no longer be considered as a green technology because at the end of their lifecycle, they become non- biodegradable waste which in turn constitutes pollution and contributes to global warming. Thus, the aim of this research is to study a self-sustaining solar module produced by upcycling solar cells from non- biodegradable waste. Several solar cells from electronic devices were reused in this study. The results obtained show that a combination of 4V, 3V and 2V reused solar cells produced 10.20V and 47.9mW of power. This indicates that the proposed upcycled solar module is feasible and has the potential to aid in the promotion of clean and renewable energy use in order to attain the desired sustainable development goals.Keywords: solar module, self-sustaining, solar cell, non-degradable waste

Several gemmology technologies, including loupes, microscopes, and dichroscopes, are currently utilised to assist gemstone traders in evaluating rubies. These tools, on the other hand, rely heavily on human vision for pictorial assessment. There are no standardized tools for determining ruby stone grading, other from those that rely on human vision, which can lead to errors. Gemmologists, stakeholders in the precious stone and manufacturing industries, as well as dental applications, would benefit from a standardized quantitative grading valuation of ruby stones. Extensive research is required to analyse the light characteristics of rubies. This paper presents a potential research overview of the Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) linear sensor to inspect the grading value of ruby stone based on its light characteristic. This research delves deeper into the relevant light properties of rubies for grading purposes. Numerous types of gemmological instruments are used for grading and appraising rubies, as well as their applications, are discussed in this paper. A standardized approach for quantitative grading valuation of ruby stones utilising a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) linear sensor is offered due to the limits of current techniques and the strong demand for superior quality in the high-valued stone sectors.