A bipolar membrane fuel cell (BPMFC) is a novel hydrogen/oxygen (H 2 /O 2 ) fuel cell consisting of two-layer membranes. The design of BPMFC is still in an early stage, and it requires profound research to explore its functions, working operations, and improve its performance. This review article systematically described the previous manipulations made in developing BPMFC in terms of process design and electrolyte materials. These two criteria are the most important in the design of BPMFC. Several modifications and manipulations were made, and the improvements observed over the years are also presented in this study in terms of electrochemical performance and properties. For instance, modifications and rearrangements of BPMFC components, new electrolyte materials, and different membrane layer integration techniques have been proposed. Different effects on BPMFC properties and performance were discovered when modifications were made. Some of the BPMFC managed to perform without any issues, whereas some encountered water management issues, lack of cell stability, and degradation of power output. To date, the optimal reported power density of the BPMFC was about 327 mW/cm 2 and it managed to operate successfully for 40 h without showing any signs of degradation. In this regard, the commercialization of BPMFC for fuel cell performance is recommended as it displays a high potential for improving electrochemical cell performance and ensuring high cell durability.

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) membrane is a promising proton-conducting membrane for fuel cell. However, the performance and lifetime of sPEEK membrane depend on the degree of sulfonation (DS). High DS of sPEEK increases the performance, but the mechanical properties could deteriorate progressively which affect its lifetime. Thus, this study investigated the effect of adding polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) into high DS (80%) of sPEEK through solution blending method toward its physicochemical properties and morphology structures. The PVDF concentration was varied to 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt% relative to the sPEEK content. The existence of hydrophobic PVDF in 80% sPEEK improved the mechanical properties where the water uptake and swelling degree of membrane decreased, whereas the tensile strength increased. The sPEEK/PVDF 15 exhibited the highest proton conductivity (46.23 mS cm−1) at 80°C. Incorporating PVDF into high DS of sPEEK enhanced the mechanical properties which can be used as a proton-conducting membrane for fuel cell that may improve the performance and prolong the lifetime of the cell.

(easy level: p-value = 0.005; difficult level: p-value = 0.007) and beta power (easy level: p-value = 0.001; difficult level: p-value = 0.003). Thus, in this study, it is found that listening to white noise is far more effective in memorizing process compared to Mozart music.

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