Acute appendicitis is the most common condition that presents with an acute abdomen needing emergency surgery. Despite this common presentation, correctly diagnosing appendicitis remains a challenge as clinical signs or positive blood results can be absent in 55% of the patients. The reported proportion of missed diagnoses of appendicitis ranges between 20% and 40%. A delay or mis-diagnosis of appendicitis can result in severe complications such as perforation, abscess formation, sepsis, and intra-abdominal adhesions. Literature has shown that patients who had a negative appendectomy suffer post-op complications and infections secondary to hospital stays; there have even been reported cases of fatality. It is therefore crucial that timely and accurate diagnosis of appendicitis is achieved to avoid complications of both non-operating as well as unnecessary surgical intervention. The aim of this review is to systematically report and analyse the latest evidence on the different approaches used in diagnosing appendicitis. We include discussions of clinical scoring systems, laboratory tests, latest innovative bio-markers and radiological imaging.

The clinical presentation of diversion colitis varies significantly. In symptomatic patients short chain fatty acid enema may help. Further prospective studies are required for evaluation.

An up to date published literature has shown that Meckel's Diverticulum (MD) are discovered incidentally and are benign, malignant transformation is unusual with reported incidence to be only 0.5%–3.2%. The research available on this rare tumour remains scanty, mainly consisting of case reports and case series with many researchers reporting on their own clinical experience and often disagree on not only its epidemiology, but also more so on its surgical indications. In addition to the above there is no agreed standard formal grading and staging classification for primary MD tumour that can not only help assess the tumour in a systematic way, but also advise on a standard treatment plan that is to be followed after emergency surgery. Hence, the aim of this article is to systematically review the latest evidence on these rare types of malignant neoplasm originating from MD, and conclude the best management options when encountered with such situations.

Based on these long-term follow-up data, ORM is an oncologically safe treatment option.

With the implementation of the European working time directive and the "new deal" document in the NHS; not only led to a shorter duration of training but also increased the workload intensity on trainee doctors. This leads to a reduced opportunity for personal reflection and feedback from colleagues i.e., consultants, registrars, and fellow senior house officers that leading to a shift from the traditional experiential learning to "competency-based training," where various workplace-based assessments (WBAs) tools are used. This article is about the use of WBAs in improving trainee doctor's competence and workplace performance; explore why they are so unpopular amongst both trainees and trainers and what can be done to improve their work based learning.