Background: Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder which disturbs the normal life of human due to involvement of different vital organs like bones, lungs, heart & kidney etc. A pleural effusion is one of the most common complications associated with lung involvement in young female patients with SLE. Pleural fluid examination is the main method for diagnosis, but lack of trained people and limited resources necessitate evaluating the non-invasive cheap method. Objective: To estimate the serum ADA2 level as one of non invasive marker for the diagnostic tool of pleural effusion in SLE Methodology: There were 29 female cases of SLE diagnosed in different remote areas of Pakistan divided into two groups: group-I contained 16 diagnosed cases of SLE without pulmonary involvement, and group-II contained 13 diagnosed cases of SLE with pleural effusion. The serum ADA2 level was estimated by using the ELISA method by using sandwich technology in conjunction with the ELISA method. In order to conduct the statistical analysis of the data, SPSS version 22 was used to apply an independent Student t-test. Results: The mean serum ADA2 of group-I was 15.1 ± 2.14 U/L while mean value of serum ADA2 of group-II was 11.13 ± 1.76 U/L. There was statistical (p<0.05) decreased level of serum ADA2 in patients of group-II patients with compared the patients of group-I patients. Conclusion: Serum ADA2 level in the serum may be one of diagnostic marker for the diagnosis of pleural effusion in the patients of SLE Keywords: SLE , Pleural Effusion, ADA Enzyme, ADA2,

Objective: This study was conducted to estimate the serum albumin levels in stable & hospitalized patients of COPD. Study Design: Comparative Cross Sectional Place and Duration of Study: This study was jointly carried out at of Pulmonology at Shaikh Zyed Hospital Rahim Yar Khan, Fatima Jinnah Institute of Chest Medicine Quetta and Liaquat University of medical and health sciences, Jamshoro from 1st January 2021 to December 2021. Methodology: A total of 180 cases of COPD were selected and divided into two groups; group A contained 95 cases of COPD as stable cases, and group B included 85 cases as hospitalized cases of COPD with the mentioned inclusion and exclusion criteria. The serum albumin level was estimated by the bromocresol green (BCG) method. The serum albumin level of less than 3.2 g/dl is considered hypoalbumienimia. The statistical data was analysed by SPSS version 22 by applying an independent student T test. Results: The mean serum albumin level in stable cases of COPD was 3.0 ± 0.41 g/dl while in hospitalized patients it was 2.6 ± 0.34 g/dl. The serum albumin level was statistically(P <0.001) declined in hospitalized patients of COPD as compared with stable cases of COPD. Conclusion:This study concluded that serum albumin level declined in the patients of COPD and the severity of COPD directly proportional with reduction of serum albumin level Keywords: COPD, Serum Albumin, Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory mediators