Objective: The purpose of this study is to provide light on the reasons for and outcomes of inadequate treatment for type 2 diabetes. Study Design: Retrospective study Place and Duration: This Retrospective study was conducted at Fazaia Medical College Islamabad in the period from May, 2022 to October, 2022. Methods: Total 178 patients of T2 diabetes mellitus were presented. Age of the included cases were between 20-70 years. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants before to recording their demographic information, which included details such as comorbidities, body mass index (BMI), age, and smoking status. Lifestyle management, vaccination, pharmaceutical therapy, laboratory assessment, and physical examination are the five areas used to define inadequate care. SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: In all, ninety-eight (55.1%) cases were males and eighty (44.9%) cases were females. The mean age among patients was 53.13±5.44 years having mean BMI 26.11±6.76 kg/m2. Majority of the cases 78 (43.8%) were had poor socio-economic status. 45 (25.3%) cases were smokers and HTN was found in 76 (42.7%) cases. Frequency of inadequate life style management 44 (24.7%), inadequate immunization 60 (33.7%), inadequate pharmacological therapy 80 (44.9%), inadequate physical examination 72 (40.4%) and inadequate laboratory tests were 48 (26.96%). Overall inadequate care was found in 135 (75.8%) cases. Conclusion: Treatment of type 2 diabetes is plagued by widespread problems due to inadequate care. It was shown that over 75.8% of people experienced at least one form of subpar care out of a possible five. Systematic, medical professional, and individual variables were all linked to subpar care delivery. Keyboards: T2 DM, Adherence and Compliance, Diabetes Care

Objective: The current study aims to determine whether an increase in visfatin level resulted in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in pregnant females. Study Design: Retrospective Study Place and Duration: Department of Medicine, Dr. Ziauddin Hospital, North Nazimabad, Karachi, From November 2021 to April 2022. Methods: In this study, 83 pregnant females aged 18-46 years were inducated. After obtaining informed written consent, detailed demographic data were recorded. Gestational age and gravidity among all females were recorded. Previous history and frequency of GDM were assessed. Blood samples were taken to determine the concentration of visfatin and glucose levels. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: In this study, the mean age was 29.11±8.42 years, and the mean BMI was 26.2±3.32 kg/m2. The mean gestational age was 34.11±4.33 weeks. Most of the cases were from rural areas and had poor socio-economic status. We found that 44 (53.01%) subjects had gestational diabetes mellitus while 39 (46.9%) had no diabetes. The visfatin level in patients with gestational diabetes was higher, 4.2±7.124, compared to non-diabetes cases, 1.4±1.432, with a p-value<0.003. Conclusion: Ultimately, we determined that visfatin levels were considerably elevated in gestational diabetes mellitus beginning in the first trimester of pregnancy. An innovative biomarker for GDM detection is increased visfatin levels during pregnancy. Keywords: Visfatin, Gestational Diabetes, Pregnant Females

Background: Diabetic people have an excessive amount of coronary atherosclerosis. Diabetes mellitus is a strong predictor of mortality and MI in both men and women. It's unclear whether diabetics and non-diabetics have different rates of complicated coronary lesions such bifurcation and ostial lesions. Objective: To find out how often different types of complicated coronary lesions are in diabetic people. Methodology: 136 individuals were enrolled in this study. All patients had coronary angiography using the conventional femoral or radial artery technique. Angiographic data was obtained by two interventional cardiologists with 3 years of post-fellowship experience interpreting angiograms. Data on complicated coronary lesions was collected. It has a significant p-value (0.05), indicating that there is a significant difference in this disorder between the two groups. Results: The mean age of the 136 patients was 47.3±12.2 years (range 25 to 70 years). There were 71 males (52.2%) and 65 females (47.8%). Mean BMI was 25.9±1.3 kg/m2, mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 7.5±3.5 year, mean weight was 75.7±5.1 and mean height was 5.3±0.6 m. Coronary artery lesions were as follows: bifurcation lesions 85 (62.5%), ostial lesion 32 (23.5% and LMCA lesions 19 (14%). Stratification with regard to age, gender, BMI and duration of diabetes was also carried out. Conclusion: In diabetic patients, complicated coronary lesions such as bifurcation and ostial lesions were shown to be substantially more prevalent than LMCA lesions. Keyword: Diabetes mellitus, Bifurcation lesion Ostial lesion, LMCA lesion