The call of giving all subscribers a greater opportunity in the Islamic banking systems is well documented in the
literature of the first decade of this millennium. Many banks and financial institutions across the world have
attempted to implement programs aiming at increasing the customer’s involvement in terms of investment and
financing with varying degrees of success. The study describes the attributes and profiles of the Islamic banking
subscribers.
A list of attributes and characteristics of the clientele having access to credit was developed from the current
literature to augment the process of identifying and selecting Islamic banks for the study. The potential Islamic
banks were nominated by the panel of proficient academicians. Four branches of Islamic banks having the
maximum subscribers and highest number of attributes observed during the visits were selected for site visits.
Interviews were conducted with borrowers to gain an insight into the diverse avenues of banking habits of
subscribers. Findings of the study are examined in relation to religious inclination of the subscribers and allied
socio-demographic factors. The empirical results suggest that the regulators of the Islamic banking should
concentrate on the demography of a location when it comes to establishment of a new branch. Branches should
be opened at those places where the prospective clientele are well-educated and inclined towards the Islamic
principles in order to tap the potential market. The aspirations and preferences of the educated class shall be
taken into consideration and products and services should be designed in such a way to cater to the needs of the
subscribers. Implications for the generalizations of practice should be carefully considered and further research is
suggested

Purpose: Given the lack of research on the dimensions of employees’ intrapreneurial behaviour, the current research speculates on the effect of spiritual leadership on three dimensions of employees’ intrapreneurialproactiveness, risk-taking, and innovativeness. The study also proposes psychological empowerment as a mediator of these links of spiritual leadership and the dimensions of intrapreneurship. Methodology: Survey data collected using a time-lagged strategy from 169 software developers working in Pakistan revealed that spiritual leadership positively influences all three dimensions of intrapreneurship. Likewise, psychological empowerment mediates spiritual leadership-proactiveness. Findings: Interestingly, the results revealed that psychological empowerment did not mediate the association of spiritual leadership with risk-taking and the association of spiritual leadership with innovativeness. Thus, we concluded that the dimensions of intrapreneurship can have different nomological networks of predictors and consequences. Significance: For theoretical contribution, this effect is important to study because intrinsic motivation (through psychological empowerment) can be an important predictor for intrapreneurship behaviour. Practical Implications: The study provides managers with important practical implications.

This study investigates the influence of herd behavior on the Pakistan stock exchange indexes KSE-100 and KSE-30 during bullish and bearish markets. Using the daily market return from 2007 to 2020. We implement the method of main herding measures, Cross-sectional absolute deviation, and Cross-sectional standard deviation, to explore the influence of herd behavior in the emerging market of Pakistan. The results indicate the presence of market-wide herd behavior: (a) along with the different direction of market positive and negative return, (b) when trading volume high, (c) when stock market highly volatile, and (d) during and the post-financial crisis. Moreover, Investors don’t herd when low trading volume and low volatility. Our study fills the gap in the literature and contributes to academic relevance by exploring the influence of herd behavior among both bull and bear periods in markets of Pakistan, it also examines the possible asymmetric effects of herding related to the market with high-low trading volume and market volatility.