Salinity and sodicity is today one of the most shocking threat in the irrigated agriculture. Mostly this is an abiotic strain that influences germination and plant growth. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) has garnered much attention in recent years because it is an excellent source of plant-based protein and is highly tolerance of soil salinity and sodicity. Protein content in most quinoa accessions has been reported to range from 12 to 17%, depending on variety, environment, and input sit is traditionally called the mother of grains having the potential to habitat under high saline sodic conditions environment. The aim of the present protocol was to investigate the germination and growth of quinoa plant under different naturally salt affected soils. Quiona weeds were sown in different salt affected soils comparing with a normal soil. A pot experiment was planned using randomized complete block design with three replicates. Non-significant results regarding germination among different naturally salt affected and normal soils was determined However germination percentage was reduced to 66.8 % by soil 5 having (SAR= 37.2). In other words Quinoa seeds were germinated up to (SAR= 37.2). Results of Quinoa plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight after two weeks were significantly affected by different naturally salt affected and normal soils. This study revealed the quiona growth was inversely proportional to the sodium absorption ratio. Reduction in growth parameters was associated with increasing trend of SAR due to the presence of excessive salts in plant tissues.

Excessive and imbalanced use of chemical fertilizers may pose devastating effect on soil fertility and sustainable productivity. Bio-organic amendments improve soil fertility and sustainable crop productivity. Seeds of mungbean varieties i.e. NCM-2013, Chackwal-Mung 06, NM-11 and AZRI-06 were inoculated with rhizobium in saline soil. These inccilated miunngbean varieties were sown under artificially salinity developed soil (ECe= 5.0 dSm-1) using completely randomized design with three repeats for enhancement of growth. The experiment was conducted during July to September, 2015 in the Head House of Land Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan. Data were collected on germination, plant height, root length, fresh / dry weight and chlorophyll contents during experiment period. Ionic concentrations of P, Cu, Fe, Mg and Zn were determined to compare the difference of edible quality in saline soil under the inoculation of seeds with rhizobium. Effect of biozote on germination, root length, fresh weight and dry weight was significant in all mung bean varieties: NCM-2013, Chakwal Mung-06, NM-II and AZRI-06 under salt stress conditions. Maximum germination (53%) was recorded by Chakwal Mung-06 followed by 51% by AZRI-06. The maximum root length (10.1 cm) was registered by NM-II. Fresh weight / plant was maximum (5.1 g) by AZRI-06. The maximum dry weight/plant (1.5 g) was recorded by AZRI-06. Maximum P% (0.14), Cu (4.83 ppm), Fe (179.3ppm), Mg (2.07ppm) and Zn (168.8ppm) of Chakwal Mung-06 with the use of rhizobium under salt stress by NM-11. Similar trend was also recorded in ionic concentration of P, Cu, Fe and Mg by NM-11 without rhizobium under salt stress conditions.. The saline soil affected the quality of mungbean showing the reduction under salt stress without rhizobium inoculation in ionic concentration. The results of ionic values showed that NM-11 attained the highest position following the AZRI-06. [3] and[8] reported same results regarding K and P of different crops under salt stress conditions.

-The objective of this work was to determine if KCl could be a useful nutrient primer for safe seed germination in maize crop under salt stress conditions. Seed priming was done using 50 mmol L -1 of muriate of potash, and germination and seedling growth were evaluated after salt stress with NaCl up to 50 mmol L -1 .Another set of seeds was tested under the same salt stress conditions without priming. Under salinity stress, germination percentage, germination rate index, germination coefficient, and seedling vigor indexes were higher in primed seeds. In unprimed seeds, mean germination time increased, while the germination rate index and the fresh and dry matter mass decreased more sharply with salinity stress. The Na/K ratio was higher in unprimed seeds.Index terms: Zea mays, muriate of potash, osmopriming, saline stress, sodium chloride. Cloreto de potássio como condicionador osmótico nutritivo de sementes para aumentar a tolerância ao sal em milhoResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar se o KCl pode constituir um condicionador osmótico nutritivo, para a germinação segura da cultura do milho em condições de estresse salino. O osmocondicionamento das sementes foi feito com 50 mmol L -1 de muriato de potássio, e a germinação e o desenvolvimento de plântulas foram avaliados após estresse salino por NaCl, até 50 mmol L -1 . Outro lote de sementes foi testado nas mesmas condições de estresse salino, sem condicionamento. Em condições de estresse salino, a percentagem de germinação, o índice da taxa de germinação, o coeficiente de germinação e os índices de vigor das plântulas foram maiores nas sementes condicionadas. Em sementes não condicionadas, o tempo médio de germinação aumentou, e o índice da taxa de germinação e as massas de matéria fresca e seca diminuíram mais acentuadamente com o estresse salino. A relação Na/K foi maior nas sementes não condicionadas.Termos para indexação: Zea mays, muriato de potássio, osmocondicionamento, estresse salino, cloreto de sódio.

The study was carried out at National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) Islamabad during August, 2017 to October, 2017 to evaluate the impact of salinity plus humic acid, Biozote and Vermicompost on 3 olive varieties (Nocellera, Frontoio and Carolea) on physicochemical properties of soil and plant ionic concentration used in plastic nursery bags of three months olive sprouted cuttings in tunnel under saline conditions. The completely randomized design was applied with three replications. Olive soil salinity was developed artificially with the mixture of different salts at 2.0 dSm-1. Biozote, humic acid, and Vermicompost were applied in the artificially developed soil salinity filled in polythene bags planted three months olive cuttings. Treatments were; humic acid solid mixed with soil at the time of planting, humic acid liquid to the soil at the time of planting, humic acid sprayed to cuttings (after every 10 days), dip cuttings in humic acid at the time of planting. Addition of vermizote in soil at the time of planting, addition of Biozote in soil at the time of planting and dip cutting in biozote at the time of planting. Results showed that salinity negatively affected the uptake of nutrient elements. Physiochemical properties of soil showed significant variations among different treatments when interacted with varieties at P<0.05. This study pointed out the tolerance and sensitivity levels against salinity in three olive varieties at 2.0 dSm-1. Nocellera olive variety is the most tolerant variety in terms of Na uptake as compared to the others. Whereas the Frontoio olive cultivar is the most susceptible olive variety against salinity stresses. As K uptake is concerned, Nocellera is the variety of maximum uptake and Carloea olive variety with the minimum. The results depicted that Nocellera olive variety proved to be the most salinity tolerant variety.

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