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The interaction of a recently certified kinase inhibitor Tofacitinib (TFB) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been studied, by spectroscopic and molecular docking studies. Spectrofluorimetric measurements at 3 different temperatures (288, 298, and 310 K) showed that TFB quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA upon forming a nonfluorescent complex. The intrinsic fluorescence data showed that TFB binds to BSA with binding constant (K ) of approximately 10 M , affirming a significant affinity of TFB with BSA. The decrease in Stern-Volmer quenching constant with increasing temperature exhibited the static mechanism of quenching. Negative value of ΔG (-6.94 ± 0.32 kcal·mol ), ΔH (-7.87 ± 0.52 kcal·mol ), and ΔS (-3.14 ± 0.42 cal·mol ·K ) at all 3 temperatures declared the reaction between BSA and TFB to be spontaneous and exothermic. Far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy results demonstrated an increase in helical content of BSA in the presence of TFB. Moreover, dynamic light scattering measurements showed that TFB resulted into a decrease in the hydrodynamic radii (from 3.6 ± 0.053 to 2.9 ± 0.02 nm) of BSA. Molecular docking studies confirmed that TFB binds near site II on BSA, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interaction were involved in the BSA-TFB complex formation. The present study characterizing the BSA-TFB interaction could be significant towards gaining an insight into the drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and also in the direction of rational drug designing with better competence, against emerging immune-mediated diseases, ie, alopecia and rheumatoid arthritis.

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Steganography is a science of embedding private, confidential, sensitive data or information within the given cover media without making any visible changes to it. In this paper, we present a modified Triple-A method for RGB image based steganography. This method introduces the concept of storing variable number of bits in each channel (R, G or B) of pixel. We come out with extended Randomize pixel Steganography algorithm without any limitations on the type of images being used. In this analysis, we focus on the property of human vision system that helps to increase the amount of data hiding in the images practically. In this work, we hide the data in pixel which is selected by randomly using Fisher Yates algorithm. The security can be enhanced by cleverly embedding the data, along with a random choice of pixel position. It offers very high security of messages that hidden in images.